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A valuable resource for nursing students preparing for the nurs2101 exam. it covers key concepts in patient safety, cancer pathogenesis, fluid balance, and interprofessional healthcare. The q&a format facilitates self-assessment and knowledge reinforcement, addressing crucial topics such as empathy in patient care, colorectal cancer etiology and prevention, fluid imbalance, and cannula infection prevention. the detailed answers offer a comprehensive understanding of complex medical concepts.
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How can empathy improve patient safety? - ANSWER Instills a sense of cooperation: coordination, integration, continuity of care, emotional support, physical comfort. Examples of patient-centred care? - ANSWER 1) Respect for patients preferences,
chart,
Why are older people at increased risk of fluid imbalance? - ANSWER 1) Changes in normal ageing process affect homeostasis,
Water constitutes? % of body weight of 70kg male? - ANSWER 60%
Water constitutes? % for elderly woman - ANSWER 40% or less.
Water constitutes? % for babies or children - ANSWER 80-90%
Dehydration is a loss of fluid from where? - ANSWER Intracellular fluid
Up to? % of older people are malnourished? - ANSWER 60%
Principles of Wound Management? - ANSWER T issue, I nflammation, M oisture, E dge
What factors govern movement of fluids between body compartments? - ANSWER 1) Osmolality of fluids in each compartment,
What is hypovolaemia? - ANSWER Abnormally low volume of body fluid in the intravascular compartment.
What can cause hypovolaemia? - ANSWER 1) Blood loss,
How is hypovolaemia different to dehydration? - ANSWER Hypovolaemia is the reduction of effective circulating volume in the intravascular space, whereas dehydration is depletion of whole body fluid.
What is hypervolaemia? - ANSWER Hypervolaemia is abnormally high volumes of body fluid in the intravascular compartment.
Possible causes of hypervolaemia? - ANSWER 1) Sodium and fluid intake via IV fluids.
Causes for Cyrils fluid status day 1: - ANSWER 1) Loss of fluids and electrolytes with Pico Preps,
Hypokalaemia can cause arrhythmias, decreased bowel sounds, muscle weakness, irregular pulse, polyuria, cardiac arrest, cramps.
Percentage of risk acquiring a cannula infection in hospital? - ANSWER 6.2%
How might one acquire an infection? - ANSWER 1) Inadequate hand hygiene.
Signs and symptoms of cannula site infection? - ANSWER 1) Pain,
How can cannula site infections be prevented? - ANSWER 1) Decontaminate hands before collecting equipment, repeat after removal of gloves.
How does effective communication promote medication safety? - ANSWER It encourages collaboration and helps prevent errors.
What are the difference between acute and chronic pain? - ANSWER Acute pain has a sudden onset, is usually temporary and localised. It is pain that lasts for less than 3 months and has an identified cause. Most often the result from tissue injury from trauma, surgery or inflammation. Chronic pain is ongoing prolonged pain. Not always associated with identifiable cause but often arises from an acute situation such as post trauma, herpes zoster, acute back pain and postoroperative surgical pain.
What factors affect individual responses to pain? - ANSWER 1) Sociocultural influences.
How is pain best assessed? - ANSWER 1) Health history - Numeric pain intensity scale.
Advantages of PCA? - ANSWER 1) Patient has control and independence over analgesia.
c) Recall knowledge.
Define PQRST - ANSWER P = Provokes Q = Quality R = Radiates S = Severity T = Time
Body Fluids consist of? - ANSWER 1) Water,
Tonicity? - ANSWER The ability of an extracellular solution to make water move into or out of a cell by osmosis.
Normal tonicity is? - ANSWER 280-300sm/kg.
What constitutes the vast majority of normal tonicity? - ANSWER Sodium ions.
Osmotic gradient? - ANSWER The difference in concentration between two solutions on either side of a semi-permeable membrane and is used to tell the difference in percentages of the concentration of a specific particle dissolved in a solution.
Osmosis? - ANSWER The net movement of solvent molecules through a semi-permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration, in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides.
Examples of non-electrolytes? - ANSWER Glucose, lipids, creatinine and urea. They do not break down in water.
Examples of electrolytes? - ANSWER Inorganic salts, all acids and bases and some proteins. They do break down in water and determine the chemical and physical reactions of fluids.
What is Acute Kidney Injury? - ANSWER It is a sudden decline in kidney function occurring over hours to days resulting in a failure to maintain fluid, electrolyte and acid-base homeostasis. 5-7% of hospitalised people develop AKI. The most common cause is ischaemia and exposure to nephrotoxic agents.
What is Chronic Kidney Disease? - ANSWER It is a progressive loss of renal function. It is defined as the occurrence of kidney damage or decreased kidney function (decreased glomerular filtration rate, GFR) for a period of three or more months. CKD is responsible for substantial burden of illness and premature death. It is however a preventable and treatable condition.
What is the difference between AKI and CKD? - ANSWER AKI is usually caused by an event that leads to kidney malfunction, such as dehydration, blood loss from major surgery or injury, or the use of medicines.
How does diabetes contribute to CKD? - ANSWER 1) It damages blood vessels throughout the body which:
How does hypertension contribute to CKD? - ANSWER 1) Small blood vessels damaged over time (ischaemia damages nephrons).
How does obesity contribute to CKD? - ANSWER 1) Extra workload on kidneys to meet increased metabolic demands of increased body mass index.
Common causes of acute deterioration in CKD? - ANSWER AKI most important complication. Causes of AKI multifactorial and include:
What is azotaemia? - ANSWER Increased blood levels of nitrogenous waste products.
What is Uraemia? - ANSWER Urine in the blood, the syndrome or group of symptoms associated with end stage renal failure.
CKD risk factors? - ANSWER 1) Diabetes
What are NOT CKD risk factors? - ANSWER 1) NSAID use.
Screening tests for CKD? - ANSWER 1) Blood pressure test.
Causes of fluid loss? - ANSWER Fluid loss can be from excessive sweating due to an increase in ambient temperatures , fever, vomiting , diarrhea, impaired oral intake and burns.
Isotonic dehydration? - ANSWER Isotonic occurs from illnesses that affect the gastrointestinal tract where salt and water are equally lost.
Hypertonic dehydration? - ANSWER Hypertonic can occur either when there is an insufficient intake of water or an excess of water loss, with no loss of salt.
Hypotonic dehydration? - ANSWER Hypotonic occurs when there is an increase in the loss of salt such as the replacement of lost fluids by water.
Why are infants and children at higher risk of dehydration? - ANSWER 1) Children have a higher surface area-to-mass ratio which means that more heat is absorbed but there is less tissue for it to be dispersed to.
Mild signs of dehydration? - ANSWER 1) 3% of body weight dehydrated.
Moderate signs of dehydration? - ANSWER 1) 5% of body weight dehydrated.
Severe signs of dehydration? - ANSWER 1) 10% of body weight dehydrated.
Treatment of dehydration? - ANSWER 1) Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) is a non invasive and cost effective treatment which uses oral rehydration salts that are dissolved in water to treat children with mild to moderate dehydration.
Nursing actions for dehydration? - ANSWER 1) Gather and document a valuable history of the illness and any precipitating factors.