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NURS 8022 EXAM 3 2025 SUMMER-FALL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+, Exams of Nursing

NURS 8022 EXAM 3 2025 SUMMER-FALL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+ NURS 8022 EXAM 3 2025 SUMMER-FALL Which of the following disorders can lead to a low V/Q mismatch? A. Pulmonary edema B. Pulmonary Embolism C. Pulmonary Hypertension D. Hypercapnia A. Pulmonary edema Nitric oxide, which is released by the glomerular endothelial cells, causes which physiological process to occur? A. Vasoconstriction B. Vasodilation B. Vasodilation What would be a normal physiological response in regard to osmosis be in a patient with hyperglycemia? The patient's serum is hypertonic and the fluid will move out of the cel

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NURS 8022 EXAM 3 2025 SUMMER-FALL QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
Which of the following disorders can lead to a low V/Q mismatch?
A. Pulmonary edema
B. Pulmonary Embolism
C. Pulmonary Hypertension
D. Hypercapnia
A. Pulmonary edema
Nitric oxide, which is released by the glomerular endothelial cells, causes which
physiological process to occur?
A. Vasoconstriction
B. Vasodilation
B. Vasodilation
What would be a normal physiological response in regard to osmosis be in a
patient with hyperglycemia?
The patient's serum is hypertonic and the fluid will move out of the cell
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NURS 8022 EXAM 3 2025 SUMMER-FALL QUESTIONS

AND ANSWERS GRADED A+

Which of the following disorders can lead to a low V/Q mismatch?

A. Pulmonary edema

B. Pulmonary Embolism

C. Pulmonary Hypertension

D. Hypercapnia

A. Pulmonary edema

Nitric oxide, which is released by the glomerular endothelial cells, causes which physiological process to occur?

A. Vasoconstriction

B. Vasodilation

B. Vasodilation

What would be a normal physiological response in regard to osmosis be in a patient with hyperglycemia?

The patient's serum is hypertonic and the fluid will move out of the cell

How does the parasympathetic nervous system decrease heart rate?

Release of ACH from the parasympathetic system increases the permeability of K+ ions and leads to hyperpolarization of the cell.

A patient is in renal failure. The patient reports a history of severe diarrhea for several days. They also report they have not been able to eat or drink anything for the last 24 hours due to not feeling well. The NP would suspect that this patient's renal failure is a (pre/intral/post renal) and is due to (dehydration/ischemia/urinary obstruction).

Prerenal; dehydration

Which of the following cardiac alterations could lead to left sided hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A. Aortic stenosis

B. Pulmonary hypertension

C. Cardiac dilation

D. Amyloidosis

A. Aortic stenosis

Natriuretic peptides increase the _________ of sodium?

When reviewing the patients chart a provider reads that there is nephrotic sediment in the urine. This means there is a large presence of

Protein

AD

When reviewing the patients chart a provider reads that there is nephritic sediment in the urine. This means there is a large presence of

Blood

What are two functions of surfactant in the lungs?

-Keeps alveoli open and free of fluid

-Decreases surface tension by blocking H2O and H+ binding

If a patients has low plasma volume what is the normal physiological response?

Thirst

Which nerve innervates the diaphragm?

Phrenic nerve

Which lipid carried cholesterol to the tissues?

LDL

What three areas does gas exchange occur?

Bronchioles

Alveolar ducts

Alveoli

Gas exchange airways are served by the

A. Cardiac circulation

B. Venous circulation

C. Pulmonary circulation

C. Pulmonary circulation

Bronchi and other lung structures are served by the

A. Cardiac circulation

B. Systemic circulation

HCO3 range

22-26 mEq/L

Base excess

-2 to +

A person has atherosclerosis. Which pathophysiologic process has occurred?

Macrophages release enzymes and toxic oxygen radicals that create oxidative stress.

Why do we give patient's ACE inhibitors if they have had an MI?

To stop the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II to further protect the heart

What is Dressler syndrome? When does it occur?

Delayed form of pericarditis; thought to be antigen-antibody response to necrotic myocardium

Occurs 1 week to several months later

A person with an MI is releasing angiotensin II. How should the nurse interpret this finding?

Releasing angiotensin II is beneficial or counterproductive and why?

Counterproductive; it causes the heart to work harder.

How does angiotensin II affect the heart during an MI?

It contributes to the pathogenesis of the MI. Results in systemic effects which causes peripheral vasoconstriction and fluid retention. It's returning more blood flow to the heart and increasing peripheral vascular resistance making the heart work harder

6 P's of PVD

Pallor, pulselessness, pain, paresthesia, paralysis and poikilothermia

AD

What can vascular regurgitation lead to?

Dilation and hypertrophy

(Increased volume leads to dilation; increased workload leads to hypertrophy)

Kussmaul's sign

Some causes of diastolic heart failure

Hypertrophy

Ischemia

Diabetes

Valve problems

Systolic heart failure

Ejection problem

Decreased EF of the L ventricle

Diastolic heart failure

Filling problem

Pulm congestion despite normal EF

Understand orthopnea with heart failure

Person lays down making it easier for blood to flow back to the heart, thus increasing preload and workload. A failing heart cannot handle this. Blood flows back into the lungs causing the shortness of breath.

Where is left heart failure edema?

Pulmonary

AD

Where is right heart failure edema?

Peripheral

Clinical manifestations of L heart failure

Dyspnea, orthopnea, cough of frothy sputum

Clinical manifestations of R heart failure

Jugular vein distention and hepatosplenomegaly

  1. Parasympathetic nervous system
  2. Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis
  3. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
  4. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) vasopressin aldosterone system
  5. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)

Atrial flutter vs atrial fibrillation

Flutter p rate 251-

Fib >

AD

Four types of heart block

First degree

Second degree Mobitz I (Wenckebacke)

Second degree Mobitz II

Third degree (complete)

Where does first degree heart block occur?

Delay at the level of AV node

Where does second degree Mobitz I heart block occur?

Level of the AV node

Where does second degree Mobitz II heart block occur?

In the bundle of His or lower in the AV conduction system

Where does third degree (complete) heart block occur?

AV node or bundle of His or purkinje fibers

Acyanotic heart defects

Left to right shunting with pulmonary congestion. CHF

Cyanotic heart defects

Right to left shunting

In a child with ventricular septal defect (VSD), blood flow is shunted from the:

  1. Hypercyanotic spells
  2. High BP in the arms with decreased pedal pulses
  3. Syncopal episodes with chest pain
  4. High BP in the arms with decreased pedal pulses

Kawasaki disease cause

Mostly unknown; ~immunologic response to infectious toxin or antigen

What is Kawasaki disease?

Acute self limiting febrile illness of early childhood characterized by vasculitis of the medium sized arteries, most noticeable in the coronary vessels

Kawasaki Stage 1

0-12 days: capillaries, venues, arterioles and heart become inflamed

Kawasaki stage 2

12-35 days: larger vessels become inflamed. Coronary aneurysms appear

Kawasaki stage 3

26-40 days: Medium sized arteries begin granulation process. Small vessel inflammation decreases

Kawasaki stage 4

40+ days: scarring of vessels. Thickening of tunica intima. Calcification. Coronary artery stenosis

Kawasaki's disease: clinical manifestations

Acute

Fever, conjunctivitis, strawberry tongue, rash and lymphadenopathy

Kawasaki's disease: clinical manifestations

Subacute

Begins when fever ends;

Coronary artery aneurysm development, desquamation of palms and soles, marked thrombocytosis

Kawasaki's disease: clinical manifestation

Convalescent

Hairlike structures

Alveoli

Primary gas exchange units

Type I alveolar cells

alveolar structure

Type II alveolar cells

surfactant production

What is surfactant?

A detergent like complex, reduces surface tension and helps keep the alveoli from collapsing.

Acinus contains

  1. Ciliated cells
  2. Goblet cells
  1. Alveolar ducts
  2. Alveolar ducts

Pulmonary circulation functions

(1) facilitates gas exchange

(2) delivers nutrients to lung tissues

(3) acts as a blood reservoir for the left ventricle

(4) serves as a filtering system that removes clots, air, and other debris from the circulation

Pulmonary circulation has (higher/lower) pressure than systemic circulation?

Lower

What two circulatory systems make up the pulmonary circulation?

Bronchial (high pressure) and pulmonary (low pressure)

Two factors that keep the lungs from collapsing

surfactant and pleural pressure