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NURS 618 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM 2025-
2026|ACTUAL 150Qs&As|ALREADY GRADED A+
A 6-year-old female is diagnosed with a bacterial infection of the respiratory system. Which of the following will most likely try to fight the antigen? Antibodies Which statement indicates a correct understanding of antibodies? The most abundant class of antibody in the serum is: IgG The predominant antibody of a typical immune response is: IgM The post-surgical patient is experiencing delayed wound healing. The dietician believes the delay is related to nutritional intake. A deficiency in which of the following substances could directly affect healing? Vitamin D Which of the following individuals would be at greatest risk for an opportunistic infection? a. 18 year old with diabetes b. 70 year old with congestive heart failure c. 24 year old who is immunocompromised d. 30 year old with pneumonia c. 24 year old who is immunocompromised
A 10 year old male is diagnosed with a parasite. Which lab result should the nurse check for a response to the parasite? Eosinophils When planning care for the pregnant patient, the nurse will recall that the mammary glands enlarge as a consequence of: Hormonal hyperplasia When a nurse observes muscle stiffening occuring within 6 to 14 hours after death, the nurse should document this finding as _______ present Rigor mortis 70 year old male with chronic renal failure presents with edema. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this condition? Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure Which of the following patients is at most risk for developing hypernatremia? A patient with: Dehydration Hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia are associated with Hypertonic hyponatremia A 52 year old diabetic male presents to the ER with lethargy, confusion, and depressed reflexes. His wife indicates that he does not follow the prescribed diet and takes his medication sporadically. Lab results indicate hyperglycemia. Which assessment finding is most likely to occur? Decreased sodium
Several prisoners are experiencing symptoms of tuberculosis. A tuberculin reaction test was ordered. This test is an example of the type _____ hypersensitivity IV A person is given an attenuated antigen as a vaccine. When the person asks what was given in the vaccine, how should the nurse respond? The antigen is: Alive, but less infectious When an aide asks the nurse what is a purpose of the inflammatory process, how should the nurse respond? To prevent infection of the injured tissue The directional migration of leukocytes along a chemical gradient is termed: Chemotaxis A 35 year old male weighs 70 kg. Approximately how much of this weight is ICF? 28 L The predominant antibody of a typical primary immune response is: IgM A 40 year old female is diagnosed with cervical cancer after a Pap smear. Which of the following cellular changes would the nurse most likely see on the report? Dysplasia
During which process can lysosomal enzymes be released to degrade engulfed particles? Endocytosis A 40 year old female is diagnosed with SLE. Which of the following findings would be considered a symptom of this disease? Photosensitivity A nurse is reviewing lab reports. The nurse recalls blood plasma is located in which of the following fluid compartments? Intravascular fluid Which of the following patients is the most at risk for developing hypernatremia? A patient with: Dehydration Which of the following buffer pairs is considered the major plasma buffering system? Carbonic acid/bicarbonate What common symptom should be assessed in individuals with immunodeficiency? Recurrent infections
A 75 year old male presents with chest pain on exertion. The chest pain is most likely due to hypoxic injury secondary to: Ischemia Which of the following is a characteristic of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes AIDS? HIV is a retrovirus A patient has been searching the internet about natriuretic hormones. When the patient asks the nurse what do these hormones do, how should the nurse respond? Natriuretic hormones affect the balance of: Sodium Which of the following patients should the nurse assess for a decreased oncotic pressure in the capillaries? A patient with: Liver failure For a patient with respiratory acidosis, chronic compensation by the body will include: Kidney excretion of H+ When a patient asks the nurse what hypersensitivity is, how should the nurse respond? Hypersensitivity is best defined as: An excessive or inappropriate response of the immune system to a sensitizing antigen
Which phase of catabolism produces the most ATP? Citric acid cycle A 55 year old male is diagnosed with hepatocellular cancer secondary to hepatitis C. If the cancerous region of the liver were removed, the remaining cells would undergo: Compensatory hyperplasia Which statement by the staff indicates teaching was successful concerning aldosterone? Secretion of aldosterone results in: Increased blood volume Physiologic pH is maintained around 7.4 because carbonic acid and bicarbonate exist in a ratio of: 1: After teaching the students about B cells, which statement indicates teaching was successful? B cells are originally derived from cells of the: Bone marrow When a nurse cares for a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), the nurse remembers this disease is an example of Autoimmunity A 25 year old female experiences a headache and takes aspirin for relief. A nurse recalls aspirin relieves the headache by: Decreasing prostaglandin production
A macrophage was isolated and analyzed for major histocompatibility complex. Which of the following would be expected? MHC I and II When the nurse is checking urinalysis, the finding that would alert the nurse to cellular injury is the presence of: Excessive protein When a nurse observes muscle stiffening occuring within 6 to 14 hours after death, the nurse should document this finding as ___________ present. Rigor mortis When planning care for a dehydrated patient, the nurse remembers the principle of water balance is closely related to ________ balance Sodium A cell that is produced in the thymus and interacts with MHC class II molecules would have which of the following surface proteins? CD Outcomes of laboratory tests include an elevated level of natriuretic peptides. Which organ is the primary assessment? Heart Which statemtn indicates a correct understanding of antibodies? The most abundant class of antibody in the serum is:
IgG A 6 year old female is diagnosed with a bacterial infection of the respiratory system. Which of the following will most likely try to fight the antigen? Antibodies The post-surgical patient is experiencing delayed wound healing. The dietician believes the delay is related to nutritional intake. A deficiency in which of the following substances could directly affect healing? Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) When histamine is released in the body, which of the following responses would the nurse expect? Edema Which of the following statements indicates more teaching is needed regarding secondary lymph organs? _______ is/are a secondary lymph organ. The liver A 22 year old was recently diagnosed with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Which decreased lab finding would be expected to accompany this virus? CD4 T-helper When planning care for a cardiac patient, the nurse knows that in response to an increased workload, cardiac myocardial cells will: Increase in size
An aide asks the nurse what is the most common cause of elevated levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion. How should the nurse respond? Cancer A 54 year old patient with pulmonary tuberculosis (lung infection) is evaluated for syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH). Which of the following electrolyte imbalances would be expected for this patient? Hyponatremia A 25 year old female with Graves disease is admitted to a medical-surgical unit. Palpation of her neck would most likely reveal: Diffuse thyroid enlargement A 3 year old male was diagnosed with congenital hypothyroidism. The parents ask the nurse if left untreated what will happen. What is the nurse's best response? If left untreated, the child would have: Mental retardation and stunted growth A nurse is reviewing lab results for glycosylated hemoglobin (hemoglobin A1C) levels. A nurse recalls the purpose of this test is to: Monitor long term serum glucose control
A 55 year old female is admitted to the medical unit for complications of long- term, poorly controlled type 2 DM. Which of the following would the nurse expect to find in addition to elevated glucose? Atherosclerosis When a staff member asks the nurse what causes the chronic complications of DM such as microvascular and macrovascular disease, how should the nurse respond? These complications are primarily related to: Hyperglycemia A 49 year old female is diagnosed with hypercortisolism. Which of the following would the nurse expect? Osteoporosis A newborn is diagnosed with congenital intrinsic factor deficiency. Which of the following types of anemia will the nurse see documented on the chart? Pernicious anemia A 35 year old female is diagnosed with vitamin B12 deficiency anemia (pernicious anemia). How should the nurse respond when the patient asks what causes pernicious anemia? A decrease in ______ is the most likely cause. Intrinsic factor A 34 year old male presents in the emergency room with extreme fatigue and shortness of breath. His skin and sclera appear to have a yellowish discoloration. These assessment findings are consistent with which type of anemia? Hemolytic anemia
Hb S and Hb A Which major symptom in a patient with sickle cell anemia indicates to the nurse, the patient is experiencing a vaso-occlusive crisis? Pain Which of the following symptoms would help a health care provider distinguish between ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease? Malabsorption Which cells of the gastric glands secrete hydrochloric acid? Parietal A nurse assesses the heart after acetylcholine because the effect of acetylcholine on the heart is to: Decrease the heart rate A 20-year-old male underwent an echocardiogram to assess chest pain. Results revealed a congenital defect in papillary muscles. Which of the following would the nurse expect to occur? Backward expulsion of the atrioventricular valves Clinical manifestations of bile salt deficiencies are related to poor absorption of: Fats and fat-soluble vitamins
A 50-year-old male is diagnosed with orthostatic hypotension. Which of the following symptoms would he most likely experience? Correct Answer: Syncope and fainting Response Feedback: Orthostatic hypotension is often accompanied by dizziness, blurring or loss of vision, and syncope or fainting. A nurse recalls the internal lining of the cardiovascular system is formed by what tissue? Endothelium A 65-year-old male is transported to the ER for chest pain. An electrocardiogram reveals a prolonged QRS interval. What is the nurse monitoring when the nurse observes the QRS complex on the electrocardiogram? The QRS complex reflects Ventricular activity A 67-year-old female was previously diagnosed with rheumatic heart disease. Tests reveal lipoprotein deposition with chronic inflammation that impairs blood flow from the left ventricle into the aorta. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis recorded on the chart? Aortic stenosis A 60-year-old female was diagnosed with mitral stenosis. As a result, the nurse realizes the patient has incomplete emptying of the: Left atrium A DNA strand has a region with the sequence ATCGGAT. Which of the following would be a complementary strand? TAGCCTA
Which statement indicates the patient has a good understanding of cancer risk factors? The most important environmental risk factor for cancer is exposure to: Cigarette smoke Which of the following compounds has been shown to increase the risk of cancer when used in combination with smoking? Alcohol Which answer indicates a nurse understands regeneration of neurons? Neurons that have the capacity for regeneration include: Myelinated peripheral neurons A neurologist is teaching about the location of the primary visual cortex in the brain. Which area is the neurologist discussing? Occipital lobe A nurse is preparing to teach about functions to maintain homeostasis and instinctive behavioral patterns. Which area of the brain is the nurse discussing? Hypothalamus A neurologist is teaching about sensory pathways. Which information should the neurologist include? Sensory pathways in the spinal cord include the: Spinothalamic tract What term should the nurse use when talking about the outermost membrane surrounding the brain? Dura mater
When a patient's vagus nerve is stimulated, what does the nurse expect to observe? Increased gastrointestinal activity Which neurotransmitter is released when a patient's parasympathetic motor neurons are stimulated? Acetylcholine A patient has paralysis of both legs. What type of paralysis does the patient have? Paraplegia A nurse is preparing to teach staff about the most common type of traumatic brain injury. Which type of traumatic brain injury should the nurse discuss? Concussion A 30-year-old white male recently suffered a cerebrovascular accident. Which of the following is the most likely factor that contributed to his stroke? Diabetes Which of the following would increase a patient's risk for thrombotic stroke? Dehydration
