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NURS 6030 Exam 1 Questions With Complete Solutions __ __ does not require the expenditure of energy rather it is driven by the physical effects of osmosis, hydrostatic pressure, and diffusion Correct Answers passive transport __ __ occurs in the mitochondria and is the mechanism by which the energy produced from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins is transferred to ATP Correct Answers oxidative phosphorylation __ and __ the two basic processes in which proteins are specified by DNA, both involve RNA. RNA is chemically similar to DNA but it is single stranded and has uracil rather than thymine as one of its four nitrogenous bases Correct Answers transcription and translation __ are different forms of genes located at the same locus on the chromsome Correct Answers alleles __ can be caused by lack of access to water, pure water loss, hyperventilation, arid climates, or increased renal clearance Correct Answers water deficit or hypertonic dehydration __ causes renal excretion of potassium from the distal tubules Correct Answers aldosterone __ cells have a true nucleus Correct Answers eukaryotic __ chief effects involve metabolic processes by inhibiting the use of metabolic substances while promoting their formation, __
mobilizes glucose, amino acids, lipids, and fatty acids and delivers them to the blood steam Correct Answers cortisol, cortisol __ graphing an inherited trait Correct Answers pedigree females: circle male: square if there is a circle and a dot the person is the carrier of the disease if the square or circle is colored they are affected individuals __ increase in cell size. increased cellular components: cell protein, myofilaments, mitochondria Correct Answers hypertrophy __ increase in number of cells Correct Answers hyperplasia __ increased number of cells in tissue or organ. occurs in cells that can undergo mitosis Correct Answers hyperplasia __ increases cardiac output and increases blood flow to the heart, brain, and skeletal muscles by dilating vessels that supply these organs it also dilates the airways thereby increasing delivery of oxygen to the blood stream Correct Answers epinephrine __ is a necessary ion in the structure of bones and teeth, in blood clotting, in hormone secretion an the function of cell receptors and in membrane stability Correct Answers calcium
__ tissue binds various tissue and organs together, supporting them in their locations and serving as storage sites for excess nutrient Correct Answers connective __ tissue binds various tissues and organs together, supporting them in their location and serving as storage sites for excess nutrients Correct Answers connective __ tissue covers most internal and external surfaces of the body. functions include protection, absorption, secretion, and excretion Correct Answers epithelial __ tissue covers most internal and external surfaces of the body. the functions are protection, absorption, secretion, and excretion Correct Answers epithelial __ tissue is composed of highly specialized cells called neurons that receive and transmit electrical impulses very rapidly across junctions called synapses Correct Answers neural __ tissue is composed of long, thin, highly contractile cells or fibers called myocytes. Correct Answers muscle ___ a problem of fluid distribution that results in the accumulation of fluid within the interstitial space Correct Answers edema ___ abnormal changes in size, shape and organization of cells Correct Answers dysplasia
___ accounts for 90% of the ECF cations Correct Answers sodium ___ alterations occur when changes in TBW are accompanies by proportional changes in concentration of electrolytes Correct Answers isotonic ___ alterations occur when the osmolality of the ECF is less than normal Correct Answers hypotonic ___ are found in great numbers in most cells and are responsible for cellular respiration and energy production the enzymes of the respiratory chain (electron transport chain) found in the inner membrane of the mitochondria generate most of the cells ATP Correct Answers mitochondria ___ are protein molecules on the plasma membrane in the cytoplasm, or in the nucleus that are capable of recognizing and binding smaller molecules called ligands. Correct Answers cellular receptors ___ are the major workhorses of the cell Correct Answers proteins, they move from one compartment to another by gated transport protein translocation or vesicular transport ___ constricts blood vessels of the viscera and skin, this has the effect of shifting blood flow to the vessels dilated by epinephrine Correct Answers norepinephrine chief effects complement those of epinephrine
___ is the energy using process of metabolism Correct Answers anabolism ___ is the plasma protein that is primarily responsible for the plasma oncotic pressure because i has the highest concentration Correct Answers albumin ___ large amounts extra cellular Correct Answers Na+ ___ maintains the osmotic balance of the ICF space Correct Answers potassium ___ may be localized or generalized and usually is associated with swelling and puffiness together fitting clothes and shoes limited movement of the affected area and in severe cases weight gain Correct Answers edema ___ occurs when ROS accumulate Correct Answers oxidative stress accumulation during times of chemical exposure/injury, ishemia-reprefusion, inflammation, aging ___ replacement of one mature type of cell by another Correct Answers metaplasia ___ tissue is composed of highly specialized cells called neurons Correct Answers neural ___ transport can be passive or active includes the movement of two molecules simultaneously in one direction (symport) or in
the opposite direction (anti port) or in the movement of a single molecule in on direction (uniport) Correct Answers mediated ___ which results form attachment of a methyl group to a cytosine in the somatic cells all or nearly all methylations occurs at cytosines that are followed by guanines Correct Answers DNA methylation ____ are similar to lysosomes but contain several oxidative enzymes such as catalase and urate oxidase Correct Answers peroxisomes __- tissue is composed of long, thin, highly contractile cells or fibers called myocytes. Correct Answers muscle 3 main body fluid compartments Correct Answers 1. intracellular water
- extracellular (plasma) water
- extracellular (interstitial) water a __ is an inherited alteration of genetic material Correct Answers mutation a __ is an ordered display of chromsomes arranged according to length and the location of the centromere Correct Answers karyotype a decreased in H+ ions in the blood causes Correct Answers alkalosis
acidosis causes hyperkalemia why Correct Answers -the cells are trying to decrease the acidosis by getting rid of the extra hydrogen ions from the serum -during this process it pushes hydrogen ions into the cells that push potassium out of the cell increasing the extracellular serum potassium acidosis pH Correct Answers 7. acquired Correct Answers develops after birth acquired Correct Answers develops after birth action potential Correct Answers sudden change in the resting membrane potential triggered by electrical or chemical stimulation active transport Correct Answers mechanisms move substances uphill against a concentration gradient active transport Correct Answers requires energy, against concentration gradient acute fight of flight response increase heart rate by Correct Answers activating B1 adrenergic receptors in the heart muscle ADH antidiuretic hormone Correct Answers affects reabsoprtion of H2O by kidneys ADH is released from Correct Answers posterior pituitary
aerobic metabolism Correct Answers citric acid cycle and electron transport chain after angiotensin is released by the liver and enzyme renin is secreted which cleaves angiotensinogen to form Correct Answers the inactive form angiotensin 1 after the inactive form angiotensin 1 is created further transformation is carried out by ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) this is primarily carried out in the Correct Answers pulmonary circulation but ace is also produced in the vascular endothelium of many tissues including the kidney aging causes Correct Answers brain cells and endocrine dependent organs such as gonads to become atrophic aldosterone Correct Answers end product of RAA system that ultimately conserves fluid. aldosterone also stimulates the secretion of potassium by the distal tubule of the kidney reducing potassium concentrations in the blood aldosterone job function Correct Answers keeps water inside the body blood pressure up sodium in and potassium out alkalosis pH Correct Answers 7. all __ are electrically polarized with the inside of the cell more negatively charged than the outside. the difference in voltage
an increase in H+ ions in the blood causes Correct Answers acidosis an individuals genotype is and the phenotype is Correct Answers the person genetic makeup and the phenotype reflects the interaction of genotype and environment aneuploidy Correct Answers change in number of chromosomes cells do not contain a a multiple of 23 aneuploidy involving sex chromsomes Correct Answers gain or loss of one chromsome may be better tolerated than those affecting other chromsomes females: already have activation of one X chromsome (lyon principle) males: only modest amount of genetic material carrier on Y chromsome -occurs 1 in 400 males and 1 in 650 females aneuploidy with sex chromsomes example Correct Answers turner syndrome female phenotype short stature, webbed neck, normal intelligence no ovaries diagnosis may be delayed until later childhood treatment is growth hormone, estrogen angiotensin 1 Correct Answers stimulated by renin, inactive but converted to angio 1 by ACE from the lungs
angiotensin 2 Correct Answers causes vasoconstriction elevating the blood pressure stimulating aldosterone another aneuploidy with sex chromosome example Correct Answers klinefelter syndrome and extra X results form nondisjunction during meiotic division in 1 parent male phenotype appear normal at birth may not respond to gonadotrophin at puberty infertility 1 in 1000 males anoxia Correct Answers absence of oxygen ANP is released by Correct Answers the atria of the heart ANP targets the kidneys and causes a __ in sodium reabsorption Correct Answers decrease any excess fluid in the interstitial space should drain into the Correct Answers lympathic vessels apoptosis Correct Answers is known as regulated or programmed cell death process by the dropping off of cellular fragments called apoptotic bodies aquaporins Correct Answers water channels arteriole side of the capillary has a higher __ pressure. Correct Answers capillary hydrostatic pressure
atrial natriuretic hormone is also involved in Correct Answers decreasing renal tubular resorption and promoting urinary excretion of sodium atrophy Correct Answers is a decrease in cellular size and can affect any organ but is most common in skeletal muscle the heart secondary sex organs and the brain the mechanisms probably include decreased protein synthesis, increased protein catabolism or both atrophy Correct Answers is a decrease in cellular size and can affect any organ but is most common in skeletal muscle, the heart, secondary sex organs and the brain -this mechanism probably include decreased protein synthesis, increased protein catabolism or both atrophy can affect Correct Answers muscles brain secondary sex organs Autocrine Correct Answers term for hormones that act on same cells that secrete them autosomal recessive disorders Correct Answers needs two recessive genes for trait or disease to be present both parents must pass on affected gene to child for disease to be present autosome dominant disorders Correct Answers -dominant gene is expressed
-at least one parent will have disease -both sexes affected equally -if single mutant allele is transmitted to offspring: child will have disease or will develop disease later in life autosomes Correct Answers first 22 of the 23 pairs alike in males and females homologous blood from superficial tissues is redistributed to long muscles by activating Correct Answers vascular Alpha 1 and beta 2 adrenergic receptors body fluids are distributed among functional compartments and are classified as Correct Answers ICF or ECF buffer pairs can associate and dissociate the pK value is the Correct Answers pH at which a buffer pair is half dissociated buffers Correct Answers are substances that can absorb excessive acid or base to minimize fluctuations of pH buffers exists as Correct Answers acid base pairs the principal plasma buffers are bicarbonate, protein and phosphate by osmosis water is pulled into areas of __ osmolality Correct Answers higher moves toward area of greater particle concentration by osmosis, water is pulled into areas of __ osmolality Correct Answers higher moves toward area of greater particle concentration
causes of dehydration Correct Answers decreased intake sweating/exertion hemorrhage causes of hypernatremia Correct Answers diarrhea vomiting diuretic renal disease fever diabetes insipidus causes of hypoxia Correct Answers blocked blood vessels respiratory disease anemia tissue edema inability of cells to use oxygen causes of intracellular accumulations Correct Answers - excessive amounts of normal body substances (excessive fat deposited in liver with alcoholism) -abnormal endogenous substances (abnormal lipids in brain in tay sachs disease) -exogenous substances from environment (coal dust in lungs of miners) causes of metabolic acidosis Correct Answers DKA (diabetic keto acidosis), severe diarrhea, renal failure, shock causes of metabolic alkalosis Correct Answers severe vomiting excessive GI suctioning
diuretics excessive NaHCO causes of respiratory acidosis Correct Answers -occur in acute or chronic conditions that impair effective alveolar ventilation and cause an accumulation of PCO -impaired function of the respiratory central in the medulla -lung disease -chest injury -weakness of the respiratory muscles -airway obstruction causes of respiratory acidosis Correct Answers -respiratory depression (anesthesia, overdose, high ICP) -low alveolar capillary diffusion (pneumonia, COPD, ARDS) causes of respiratory alkalosis Correct Answers -excessive ventilation -anxiety and psychogenic hyperventilation -hypoxia (lack of oxygen) and reflex stimulation of ventilation -lung disease that reflexively stimulates ventilation -stimulation of respiratory center -mechanical ventilation (when we have ventilators set with to high of rate or too large breath volumes) causes of respiratory alkalosis Correct Answers hyperventilation technical ventilation
