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NURS 550 EXAM 1 2025-2026|QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS A+ RATED
Safe environment includes meeting
- Basic needs
- Reducing physical hazards
- Reducing the transmission of pathogens
- Controlling pollution Basic human needs
- Sufficient oxygen
- Nutrition
- Optimum temperature Physical hazards 5th leading cause of death for Americans all ages
- Motor vehicle accidents are leading cause
- Poison
- Falls, 2nd leading cause
- Fire Orthostatic hypotension Decrease in systolic blood pressure of 20mm Hg or decrease in diastolic of 10mm Hg within 3 minutes of standing when compared to blood pressure from sitting Factors influencing patient safety
- Mobility, sensory, and cognitive status
- Lifestyle choices
- Knowledge of common safety precautions Infant, toddler, and preschooler risks Lead poisoning, poisoning and choking, fire accidents, drowning, and head trauma School-age child risks Sports related injuries, head injuries with bike accidents
- Cognitive impairments National Quality Forum mission Improve the quality of health care in America SRE(Serious Reportable Events) Nurses face Environmental risk Chemicals found in meds, anesthetic gas, cleaning solution, and disinfectants Risks to patient's safety in health care environment
- Falls
- Patient-inherent accidents (seizures)
- Procedure-related accidents ( Med errors)
- Equipment-related accidents (malfunctions)
- Workplace safety
Serious Reportable Events
- Surgical events
- Patient-protection events
- Care-management events
- Product or device events
- Criminal Events
- Environmental events Nursing Process Assessment:
- Through patient's eyes
- Nursing history and examination
- Health care environment (risks)
- Patient's home environment assessment Restraint use objectives
- Reduce risk of patient injury from falls
- Prevent interruption of therapy like IV infusions, catheterization
- Prevent patients who are confused from removing life-support
- Reduce risk of injury to others by patient
How to use fire extinguisher (PASS) P - Pull the pin A - Aim at base of fire S - Squeeze handle S - Sweep extinguisher from side to side. Personal hygiene influences A patient's comfort, safety, and well being. Epidermis Top layer of skin, shields underlying tissue Dermis Contains bundles of collagen, nerve fibers, blood vessels, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and hair follicles
Subcutaneous tissue Lies just beneath the skin; contains blood vessels, nerves, lymph, and loose connective tissue filled with fat cells Xerostomia Dry mouth Cheilitis Cracked lips Glossitis Inflamed tongue Halitosis Foul-smelling breath
- Look at self-care ability
- Look at skin, note color, texture, thickness, turgor, temp., and hydration/lesions Planning hygeine
- Partner with patient and family
- Measurable, achievable, individualized goals
- Set priorities based on assistance required
- Teamwork Implementation: health promotion
- Make instruction relevant based on assessment of patient's knowledge, motivation, preferences, and beliefs
- Adapt instruction to patient's bathing facilities
- Teach patients how to avoid injury
- Reinforce infection control Complete bed bath Administered to totally depentdent patient
Partial bed bath bathing only body parts that would cause discomfort if left unbathed Chlorhexidine Gluconate (CHG) Decreases the frequency of HAI on skin, invasive lines, and catheters Patients with needs that involve oral hygiene help Diabetes, artificial airways, unconscious, chemotherapy Evaluation of hygeine Determine through patient's eyes
- Evaluate before and after each hygiene intervention
- If outcomes weren't met, revise care plan Safety guidelines for nursing
- Identify patient w/ 2 identifiers
hand hygiene Aerobic bacteria Need oxygen Anaerobic Little to no oxygen Direct transmission Direct contact, droplet infection, contact with soil, inoculation into skin or mucosa, transplacental Indirect transmission vehicle borne, vector borne, airborne, fomite borne, unclean hands and fingers Incubation period
Time interval between entrance of pathogen and appearance of first symptoms Prodromal stage interval from onset of nonspecific symptoms to more specific symptoms Illness stage interval when patient manifests signs and symptoms specific to type of infection Convalescence interval when acute symptoms of infection disappear 4 stages of infection process
- Incubation period
- Prodromal stage
Natural defense mechanisms: Mouth Mechanical barrier of multilayered mucosa
- Saliva Natural defense mechanisms: Eye Helps wash away particles containing pathogens
- Tearing and blinking Natural defense mechanisms: Respiratory Tract Cilia lining upper airway, coated by mucus; traps microbes and sweeps them outward
- Macrophages engulf and destroy micoorganisms Natural defense mechanisms Urinary Tract Urine flow flushes away microorganisms on lining of bladder and urethra
- Intact multilayered epithelium provides a barrier
Natural Defense mechanisms: GI Tract Acidity of secretion prevents retention of bacteria contents
- Rapid peristalsis in small intestine Natural Defense Mechanisms: Vagina Normal flora causing vaginal secretions to achieve low pH inhibits growth of microorganisms Specific immunity Once microorganisms breach local defense mechanisms, the host is able to recognize, destroy, and eliminate antigenic material
- Possesses specific antibodies or cellular immunity from previous infection or immunization Immunoglobulins IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM
- IgG most abundant antibody found in all body fluids to protect against infection
Leukocytosis Increase in number of circulating WBCs Granulation tissue Tissue that fills in damage from chronic inflammation HAI Occur from
- Invasive procedures
- Antibiotic administration
- Prescence of Multidrug-resistant organisms
- Long hospitalization Breaks in infection prevention and control activities
- Prevention is hand hygiene Iatrogenic HAIs From a diagnostic or therapeutic procedure
Exogenous HAIs From microorganisms outside the individual Endogenous HAIs When patient receives antibiotics that alter natural floras and lead to infection Factors influencing prevention and control
- Age
- Nutritional status
- Stress
- Disease process
- Treatments or conditions that compromise the immune response Lab Values WBC
- WBC count: increase in infection Lab Values: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
