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NURS 504: PATHO/PHYS: MODULE 3 TEST QUESTIONS WITH ACCURATE SOLUTIONS, Exams of Nursing

NURS 504: PATHO/PHYS: MODULE 3 TEST QUESTIONS WITH ACCURATE SOLUTIONS

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2024/2025

Available from 06/21/2025

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NURS 504: PATHO/PHYS: MODULE 3 TEST QUESTIONS
WITH ACCURATE SOLUTIONS
what are 4 ways in which increased cellular proliferation can occur? -- Answer ✔✔ 1.
too many growth factors
2. too many growth factor receptors
3. too much signal transduction
4. too much signal transcription
what is the difference between how a loss of a tumor suppressor gene occurs versus
the creation of an oncogene? -- Answer ✔✔ requires mutation at both alleles instead of
just one
when both chromosome copies (alleles) of a gene are inactivated -- Answer ✔✔ loss of
heterozygosity
tissue overgrowth which is independent of the laws governing the remainder of the
body and serves no useful purpose -- Answer ✔✔ Tumor
another name of a "tumor" meaning "new growth" -- Answer ✔✔ neoplasm
benign tumor suffix -- Answer ✔✔ -oma
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NURS 504: PATHO/PHYS: MODULE 3 TEST QUESTIONS

WITH ACCURATE SOLUTIONS

what are 4 ways in which increased cellular proliferation can occur? -- Answer ✔✔ 1. too many growth factors

  1. too many growth factor receptors
  2. too much signal transduction
  3. too much signal transcription what is the difference between how a loss of a tumor suppressor gene occurs versus the creation of an oncogene? -- Answer ✔✔ requires mutation at both alleles instead of just one when both chromosome copies (alleles) of a gene are inactivated -- Answer ✔✔ loss of heterozygosity tissue overgrowth which is independent of the laws governing the remainder of the body and serves no useful purpose -- Answer ✔✔ Tumor another name of a "tumor" meaning "new growth" -- Answer ✔✔ neoplasm benign tumor suffix -- Answer ✔✔ - oma

benign smooth muscle tumor (like in the uterus) -- Answer ✔✔ Leiomyoma benign tumor of cartilage -- Answer ✔✔ chondroma malignant epithelial tumors are referred to as: -- Answer ✔✔ carcinoma name two carcinomas -- Answer ✔✔ 1. adenocarcinoma

  1. basal cell carcinoma malignant connective tissue tumors -- Answer ✔✔ sarcomas name two sarcomas -- Answer ✔✔ 1. chondrosarcoma
  2. osteosarcoma cancers of lymphatic tissue -- Answer ✔✔ lymphomas cancers of blood-forming cells -- Answer ✔✔ leukemias pre-invasive epithelial malignant tumors of glandular or epithelial origin that have not broken through the basement membrane or invaded the surrounding stroma -- Answer ✔✔ Carcinoma in situ (CIS) the process of a healthy cell becomes a cancer cell -- Answer ✔✔ transformation continue to divide even without being attached to a surface -- Answer ✔✔ anchorage independent loss of differentiation of cells -- Answer ✔✔ anaplasia

what are 3 roles of tumor suppressor genes? -- Answer ✔✔ 1. limit cell division

  1. help repair damaged cells
  2. induce apoptosis if repair is impossible proteins that also regulate movement from phase to phase of cell proliferation -- Answer ✔✔ cyclins most common acquired TSG in human cancers -- Answer ✔✔ p what is the role of p53? -- Answer ✔✔ responsible for gene repair and if repair is impossible it induces apoptosis due to a mutation, a cell acquires characteristics that allow it to have selective advantage over its neighbors -- Answer ✔✔ clonal proliferation or expansion 2 main components of epigenetics -- Answer ✔✔ 1. DNA methylation
  3. Histone modification adding methyl groups (CH3) to cystosine bases -- Answer ✔✔ DNA Methylation both DNA methylation and histone modification function to do what? -- Answer ✔✔ prevent DNA transcription 2 mechanisms of repression of gene transcription by Methylation -- Answer ✔✔ 1. inhibition of transcription factor binding
  4. steric hindrance by other factors (methyl binding domains (MBDs)) histone acetylation _____________ the expression -- Answer ✔✔ increases

methylation ____________ gene expression -- Answer ✔✔ represses virtually 100% of cervical cancer is caused by what? -- Answer ✔✔ HPV between COX-1 and COX-2 which is the bad one? -- Answer ✔✔ COX- 2 COX-2 is induced by___________ -- Answer ✔✔ inflammation COX-2 is associated with what two things? -- Answer ✔✔ 1. inhibition of apoptosis

  1. enhancement of angiogenesis -- Answer ✔✔ what maintains and possibly lengthens telomeres? -- Answer ✔✔ telomerase what can up-regulate telomerase production -- Answer ✔✔ cancer what cap chromosomes and protect them from end-to-end fusions other damage -- Answer ✔✔ telomeres ability to differentiate into multiple different cell types -- Answer ✔✔ multipotent stem cells can live long enough to accumulate multiple genetic modifications -- Answer ✔✔ Multihit concept 4 ways tumors evade immune detection -- Answer ✔✔ 1. lack of antigen expression
  2. produce local and systemic immunosuppression
  1. selectivity stage where cancer is confined to its organ of origin -- Answer ✔✔ stage 1 stage where cancer is locally invasive -- Answer ✔✔ stage 2 stage where cancer is in regional structures (lymph nodes) -- Answer ✔✔ stage 3 stage where cancer is at distant sites -- Answer ✔✔ stage 4 classifies cancer according to tumor size, node involvement, metastasis -- Answer ✔✔ TNM staging the higher the TNM stage the (better/poorer) the prognosis -- Answer ✔✔ poorer 7 clinical manifestations of cancer -- Answer ✔✔ 1. pain
  2. fatigue
  3. cachexia
  4. anemia
  5. leukopenia
  6. thrombocytopenia
  7. infection a decrease of hemoglobin in the blood -- Answer ✔✔ anemia deficiency of white blood cells -- Answer ✔✔ leukopenia low platelet count -- Answer ✔✔ thrombocytopenia

initial therapy given before any other treatment -- Answer ✔✔ induction chemotherapy what is the goal of induction therapy -- Answer ✔✔ shrink or eliminate tumors cancer treatment prior to surgery to reduce size of tumor -- Answer ✔✔ neoadjuvant therapy cancer treatment after surgery to eliminate remaining tumor cells -- Answer ✔✔ adjuvant therapy use of nonselective cytotoxic drugs that target vital cellular machinery or metabolic pathways critical to both malignant and normal cells growth and replication -- Answer ✔✔ chemotherapy therapy that damages cells by imparting enough ionizing radiation to cause molecular damage, especially to DNA-killing cancerous cells -- Answer ✔✔ ionizing radiation seed implants temporarily placed into body cavities -- Answer ✔✔ brachytherapy what is an advantage of radiation over chemotherapy? -- Answer ✔✔ it is localized use of immune system components (such as antibodies) made in the lab -- Answer ✔✔ passive immunotherapy therapy that stimulates your own body's immune system -- Answer ✔✔ active immunotherapy immune memory is (long/short) lived -- Answer ✔✔ long