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NURS 504 ADVANCED PATHO/PHYS: MODULE 1 TEST
QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
8 examples of physical trauma for cellular injury -- Answer โโ 1. hypothermic injury
- hyperthermic injury
- changes in atmospheric pressure
- mechanical deformation
- direct trauma to cell membranes
- blunt force trauma
- direct penetrating trauma
- electrical injury 5 types of cell adaptation -- Answer โโ 1. atrophy
- hypertrophy
- hyperplasia
- metaplasia
- dysplasia when the cell shrinks in an attempt to reduce workload -- Answer โโ atrophy when the cell increases its mass in an attempt to increase its functional capacity -- Answer โโ hypertrophy
when cells that are capable of mitotic division will accelerate mitosis in order to increase their number and functional ability -- Answer โโ hyperplasia when exposed to persistent injury, cells will replace themselves with a different type of cell that is better able to deal with that injury -- Answer โโ metaplasia type of cell adaptation that is a dysfunctional effort to adapt; usually considered pre- neoplastic -- Answer โโ dysplasia 2 types of reversible cell injury -- Answer โโ 1. hydropic swelling
- fatty changes swelling of the cell due to an accumulation of water -- Answer โโ hydropic swelling when impaired intracellular lipid metabolism results in fatty accumulation in a variety of organs -- Answer โโ fatty changes 2 examples of cellular accumulations (infiltrations) -- Answer โโ 1. excess glycogen storage (diabetes)
- hemosiderin (bruising) 4 morphologies necrotic cells typically exhibit -- Answer โโ 1. pyknotic nucleus
- karyolysis
- swollen cell volume
- disrupted plasma membrane 5 ways localized necrosis is manifested systemically -- Answer โโ 1. malaise
- fever
- tachycardia
What is the largest organelle? -- Answer โโ Nucleus what plays a central role in synthesis of membrane components? -- Answer โโ Endoplasmic reticulum the primary function of what organelle is protein synthesis? -- Answer โโ rough endoplasmic reticulum regions of the ER that lack ribosomes and specialize in steroid, hormone, or lipoprotein production -- Answer โโ smooth endoplasmic reticulum what organelle receives newly synthesized proteins and lipids from the ER and sends them to specific destinations -- Answer โโ Golgi apparatus what organelles digest and breakdown organic material? -- Answer โโ lysosomes and peroxisomes what do lysosomes use to breakdown organic molecules? -- Answer โโ hydrolase enzymes what do peroxisomes use to breakdown organic molecules? -- Answer โโ molecular oxygen what enzyme converts hydrogen peroxide to oxygen and water? -- Answer โโ catalase what converts energy into forms that can be used to drive cellular reactions? -- Answer โโ mitochondria what encloses the cell and has the ability to control movement of substances across it? -
- Answer โโ plasma membrane
what three things compose the cell membrane -- Answer โโ 1. lipids
- proteins
- polysaccharides proteins that serve as channels, carriers, pumps and receptors -- Answer โโ transmembrane proteins proteins that serve as enzymes -- Answer โโ integral proteins proteins that are part of the cytoskeleton and glycocalyx -- Answer โโ peripheral (extrinsic) proteins what is the function of the cell membrane? -- Answer โโ Maintain the intracellular fluid (ICF) separate from the extracellular fluid (ECF) list three types of passive transport -- Answer โโ 1. diffusion
- filtration
- osmosis list two types of active transport -- Answer โโ 1. mediated transport
- active transport of Na and K what is the spontaneous movement of solutes from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration? -- Answer โโ Diffusion what is the movement of water and solutes through a membrane because of a greater pushing force on one side of the membrane than the other? -- Answer โโ Filtration
in ___________ cells, action potential is involved in information transfer -- Answer โโ nerve cells In _________ cells, action potential induces concentration -- Answer โโ Muscle cells ________ channels are responsible for the upstroke of the action potential in nerve axons, skeletal muscle, and most cardiac myocytes -- Answer โโ Sodium ________ channels are responsible for the falling of the action potential (repolarization) -- Answer โโ Potassium What are the four stages of action potentials? -- Answer โโ 1. Initiation
- Upstroke
- Downstroke
- Undershoot what is the time during the action potential when no stimulus, no matter how strong, can cause a second action potential? -- Answer โโ absolute refractory period what is the time after initiation of the action potential during which a second action potential can be elicited with a stronger than normal stimulus? -- Answer โโ relative refractory period what are four mechanisms of cellular injury? -- Answer โโ 1. ATP depletion
- Mitochondrial damage
- Accumulation of oxygen and oxygen derived radicals
- Membrane damage
7 steps of cell injury when there is O2 deficiency -- Answer โโ 1. decrease in oxygen means decrease in ATP
- decrease in ATP means slower active transport
- Na+ accumulates in the cell
- water flows in (cell swells) due to osmosis
- anaerobic glycolysis tries to compensate
- lactate is produced
- cellular pH falls (acidic) what is the most common type of necrosis? -- Answer โโ coagulative type of necrosis with loss of plasma membrane's ability to maintain electrochemical gradient - denatured proteins -- Answer โโ coagulative type of necrosis that leads to formation of abscess or cyst -- Answer โโ liquefactive liquefactive necrosis can result from what type of infection? -- Answer โโ bacterial infection what does fat necrosis usually result from? -- Answer โโ trauma to the pancreas what does fat necrosis appear as? -- Answer โโ chalky white areas of tissue what type of necrosis is characteristic of lung tissue damaged by TB? -- Answer โโ caseous necrosis what does gangrene result from? -- Answer โโ interruption of major blood supply 3 different types of gangrene -- Answer โโ 1. dry gangrene
death of an entire person -- Answer โโ somatic death basic unity of heredity -- Answer โโ gene DNA representing all of the DNA for a given species -- Answer โโ genome what 3 things are DNA composed of? -- Answer โโ 1. pentose sugar (deoxyribose)
- phosphate molecule
- four nitrogenous bases (nucleotides) Which 2 nucleotides are pyrimidines? -- Answer โโ 1. cytosine
- thymine what 2 nucleotides are purines? -- Answer โโ 1. guanine
- adenine what type of cells are somatic cells? -- Answer โโ diploid cells DNA is formed and replicated by what two main processes -- Answer โโ 1. transcription
- translation the process by which RNA is synthesized from the DNA template -- Answer โโ Transcription the process by which we have organelles that direct the synthesis of polypeptides and proteins in general -- Answer โโ Translation
how many different types of amino acids are there? -- Answer โโ 20 Codons that signal the end of translation -- Answer โโ stop codons what are the three stop codons? -- Answer โโ 1. UAA
- UAG
- UGA Somatic cells contain how many chromosomes? -- Answer โโ 46 (23 pairs) what type of cells are gametes? -- Answer โโ haploid cells any inherited alteration of genetic material -- Answer โโ mutation 2 types of mutation -- Answer โโ 1. base-pair substitution
- frameshift 3 types of substitution -- Answer โโ 1. silent substitution
- missense mutation
- nonsense mutation type of substitution that does not result in an amino acid change -- Answer โโ silent substitution substitution that results in a single amino acid change in the translated gene product -- Answer โโ missense mutation
the most common type of sex chromosome aneuploidy -- Answer โโ trisomy X 3 symptoms that can be associated with trisomy X -- Answer โโ 1. sterility
- menstrual irregularity
- cognitive deficits females with only one X chromosome -- Answer โโ turner syndrome 4 characteristics seen in turner syndrome -- Answer โโ 1. imperfectly developed ovaries
- female genitalia abnormality
- short stature (~4'7")
- webbing of the neck syndrome associated with individuals with at least two Xs and one Y chromosome -- Answer โโ Klinefelter syndrome 5 characteristics seen in people with Klinefelter syndrome -- Answer โโ 1. male appearance
- develop female-like breasts
- small testes
- sparse body hair
- long limbs deletion of short arm of chromosome 5 -- Answer โโ Cri du chat syndrome 3 characteristics seen in people with cri du chat syndrome -- Answer โโ 1. low birth weight
- intellectual disability
- microcephaly "what they have" the genetic makeup of an organism -- Answer โโ genotype "what they demonstrate" the observable, detectable, or outward appearance of the genetics of an organism -- Answer โโ phenotype can there be father-daughter transmission of y-linked disorders? -- Answer โโ no variation caused by the combined effects of multiple genes -- Answer โโ polygenic 2 examples of a polygenic trait -- Answer โโ 1. height
- skin color this model states that individuals may have high or low chances of developing a disease based upon a number of gene/environmental factors -- Answer โโ threshold model variation in traits caused by genetic and environmental or lifestyle factors -- Answer โโ multifactorial trait most congenital diseases are ________________ -- Answer โโ multifactorial colorectal cancer is second only to what other cancer -- Answer โโ lung cancer
