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NURS 441 Exam 2 2025 Latest Population Based
Health 100% Accurate University Of North Dakota
(UND) GRADED A+ 180 Questions With Answers
What is the natural history of disease? Stage of susceptibility Stage of sub clinical phase Stage of clinical disease Stage of recovery, disability, or death Primary prevention is which stage of the natural history of disease? Stage of susceptibility (exposure) stage of sub clinical diseases (pathological changes) Secondary prevention is which stage of the natural history of disease? Includes stage of sub clinical disease (onset of sx) usual time of Dx & stage of clinical disease
Tertiary prevention is which stage of the natural history of disease? Stage of recovery, disability, or death What are biostatistics? Analysis of data related to human organisms Percentage change Rates What are demographics? Population-level, person-related variables or factors Age, gender, race/ethnicity, education level What is risk?
What is the denominator for epidemiology rates? Total pop. At risk What is the numerator for epidemiology rates?
of occurrences of health event
What is the mortality rate? The number of deaths within a given population What is a crude mortality rate?
of deaths during 1 year / # of individuals in population
To establish a rate include a multiplier (rate per 100; 1,000; 10,000_ What is morbidity rate?
The rate of cases of non-fatal disease or illness in the total pop. At risk during a specified point in time
- complications from disease What is attack rate? the proportion of persons who are exposed to an agent and develop the disease What is prevalence? The total number of accumulated cases of a disease both new & pre-existing at a given time (Affected persons in population/all persons in population) What is incidence? Number of new cases of a disease or illness at a specific time or period of time Denominator must have the potential to become part of numerator (everyone in denominator needs to be at risk)
Determined by comparing the incidence rate in the exposed group with the incidence rate in the non-exposed group to determine association What is attributable risk? Measure of the proportion of the cases or injuries that would be eliminated if a risk factor was not present What is population attributable risk percentage? Based on the strength of the risk factor & the prevalence of the risk factor in the population Which of the following phases of the natural history of disease can only be entered through cure, disability, or death? Subclinical Resolution Clinical disease Susceptibility Resolution
What describes the process that involves examining health- related data to determine the association between risk factors & the occurrence of the health phenomenon? Analytical epidemiology What is epidemiology? The study of the distribution of disease & injury in human populations What are goals of epidemiology? Determine the scale & nature of human health problems Identify solutions to prevent disease Improve the health of the entire population What are the 3 elements of epidemiology? Person (which groups of individuals are affected)
Host What is the classic model used to explain the occurrence of disease? (Infectious & non communicable diseases) Epidemiology triangle What are examples of agents? Biological (bacteria, viruses, fungi, Protozoa) Chemical Nutrient (dietary components of lack of dietary components) Physical (mechanical, material, atmospheric) Psychological(events or conditions that produce stress leading to health problems) What are examples of host? Immutable factors (age, race, genetic makeup) Acquired factors (immunity)
Variable factors (lifestyle, exercise, nutrition, health knowledge) What are examples of environment? Biologic (reservoirs; vectors) Physical (geological structure of an area and availability of resources) Social (distribution of pop., cultural, technological, health care availability) What is causality? Determining whether a cause-&-effect relationship exists between a risk factors & a health event What is association? Correlation between increase or decrease of risk factor & health event
What is the difference between chain of causation & web of causation? Web is more with chronic disease & all of the risk factors that go into the illness What is surveillance? ongoing and systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of health data essential to the planing, implementation, & evaluation of PH practice How is surveillance unique? Occurs BEFORE & AFTER health events Assesses whole pops. Measures health status Method to track cases Purposes of surveillance (early warning system, guides policies/strategies, documents impact of interventions, helps set priorities)
What are types of surveillance? Active (PHN searches for cases of a disease) Passive(HCPs send case reports to the LHD) Sentinel(trends monitored) Special(links determined) What are the steps in Public health surveillance? Is surveillance appropriate Acquire needed knowledge Establish case criteria Collect data Maintain ethical standards Analyze data Interpret & disseminate data Evaluate impact In which surveillance step will you distinguish if there is a case or not?
How do we evaluate the impact of the surveillance system? Was the data collected sufficient Did it generate answers to problems Was the info timely Have decisions been made in response to info Was it useful to those interested How was the information used How can it be made more useful What is global burden of disease? The difference between a pops actual health status & its "ideal" health status if everyone were to live to their fullest potential & lifespan What is disability-adjusted life years (DALY)? Considers not only mortality but also morbidity & disability associated with a disease or risk factor
What is disease & health event investigation? Gathers & analyzes data regarding threats to the health of pops, ascertains the source of the threat, identifies cases & others at risk, & determines control measures What is the purpose of disease & health event investigation? Discover as RAPIDLY as possible
- who is at risk
- where the event is occurring
- when it is occurring What is unique about disease & health event investigation? Fact-finding process RESPONDS to an unexpected event Leads to case finding & referral & follow-up
How is outreach unique? Includes risk communication Successful outreach occurs when "at risk pop" receives info & acts on it Connection to other PHN interventions
- used in collaboration with "social marketing"
- precursor to other RED interventions, like screening What are effective outreach strategies? Personal involvement of those from the target pop Using multiple strategies at the same time Using principles of social marketing Using existing formal networks Using existing informal networks Word-of-mouth endorsement
What is screening? Identifies individuals with unrecognized health risk factors or asymptomatic disease conditions in pops. Levels: systems, community How is screening unique? To efficiently & effectively sort out:
- those who probably DO have the health problem
- from those who probably do not have the health problem What is mass screening? General pop What is targeted screening? Subgroup within the pop
