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A comprehensive set of questions and answers related to cancer, covering various aspects of the disease, including its definition, types, stages, treatment methods, and prevention strategies. It is a valuable resource for students studying nursing or related healthcare fields, offering insights into the complexities of cancer and its management.
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Group of disease characterized by uncontrolled and unregulated cell growth Cancer What are 5 examples of types of cancer? Breast, lungs, colon/rectum, uterus, melanoma, thyroid, kidney, renal, pelvis, pancreas, leukemia, ovary, brain Is cancer incidence higher in men or woman? Woman What are the defect in proliferation and differentiation stages? Initiation, promotion, progression Mutation in cell's genetic structure Initiation stage What ways can mutation occur? Inherited, acquired, carcinogens Heritable mutation-mutation passed from one generation to the next Inherited mutation
Acquired mutation-mutation caused by carcinogens - chemicals, radiation, viral Acquired mutation Carcinogen-cancer-causing agents capable of producing cell alterations Carcinogen Promotion stage-reversible proliferation of the altered cells (alterations š³ risk for mutation) Promotion stage What are promoting factors for cancer? Obesity, smoking, alcohol use, What can a patient do to reduce the chance of cancer development? Lifestyle change to modify the potential risk factors What are the main sites of metastasis?
Immune response suppression by products produced and secreted by the tumor cells Step# 4 of the tumor cell's immunological escape Induction of suppressor T cells by tumor Step# 5 of the tumor cell's immunological escape Blocking antibodies that bind TAAs, thereby blocking the TAAs recognition by T cells Step# 6 of the tumor cell's immunological escape What 3 things are included in the anatomical classification of tumors?
Cancer in situ Clinical staging: stage 0 Tumor confined to the tissue of origin; localized tumor growth Clinical staging: stage 1 Limited regional spread Clinical staging: stage 2 Disseminated regional and possibly some distant spread Clinical staging: stage 3 Dissemination has taken place Clinical staging: stage 4 An international classification system concerned with the extent of dissemination and the degree of cellular differentiation, two major determinants in cancer management and prognosis. TNM classification Tumor size and invasive potential TNM classification: T No regional lymphatic involvement TNM classification system: N Involvement of lymph nodes TNM classification system: M
What diagnostics are used for cancer? Biopsy Removal of a tissue sample for pathogenic analysis Biopsy What are the types of biopsy? Percutaneous, endoscopic, fine-needle aspiration, large-core biopsy, excisional biopsy, Incisional biopsy T/F? Pathogenic evaluation of a tissue sample is the only definitive way to diagnose cancer. True What 3 things does a biopsy examine?
What cancer is more likely to recur than cancers with slower mitotic rates> Cancers with higher mitotic rates Goal for cancers that we cannot fully eradicate but are responsive to anticancer therapies. Control What do you need to monitor for during the control goal of treatment? Early S/Sx of cancer recurrence or progression and the cumulative effects of therapy Symptom control or relief and maintaining a satisfactory QOL. Palliation What are the treatment methods for cancer? Surgical, chemotherapy, radiation, immunotherapy, target therapy, others What is the goal of surgical treatment method for cancer? Prevention, cure/control, support Goal is to reduce the risk for cancer development Surgical prevention for cancer Goal is to remove or all or as much respectable tumor as possible while sparing normal tissue Surgical cure/control for cancer
Alkylating Bind directly to DNA, thus inhibiting the synthesis of DNA and interfering with transcription of RNA. Antitumor Antibiotics Break DNA helix, interfering with DNA replication. Cross blood-brain barrier. Nitrosoureas Bind to DNA and RNA, miscoding information and/or inhibiting DNA replication, and cells die. Platinum Drugs What chemotherapies are cell cycle phase-specific? Antimetabolites, mitotic inhibitors, topoisomerase inhibitors Antimetabolites Mimic naturally occurring substances, thus interfering with enzyme function or DNA synthesis. Primarily act during S phase. Purine and pyrimidine are building blocks of nucleic acids needed for DNA and RNA synthesis. cladribine, clofarabine (Clolar), fludarabine, mercaptopurine (Purixan), nelarabine (Arranon), pentostatin (Nipent), thioguanine Interfere with purine metabolism capecitabine (Xeloda); cytarabine, floxuridine, fluorouracil, gemcitabine (Gemzar) Interfere with pyrimidine metabolism
methotrexate (Trexall), pemetrexed (Alimta) Interfere with folic acid metabolism hydroxyurea (Hydrea, Droxia) Interfere with DNA synthesis Antimicrotubule agents that interfere with mitosis. Act during the late G2 phase and mitosis to stabilize microtubules, thus inhibiting cell division. Taxanes Act in M phase to inhibit mitosis. Vinca Alkaloids Inhibit topoisomerases (normal enzymes) that function to make reversible breaks and repairs in DNA that allow for flexibility of DNA in replication. Topoisomerase Inhibitors Which are the routes of administration for chemotherapy? Oral, intraarterial, intracavitary, intramuscular, intrathecal, intravenous, perfusion, subcutaneous, topical What are major concerns for chemotherapy? Venous access problems, device or catheter-related infection, and extravasation What do we monitor during chemotherapy? S/Sx of phlebitis, vesicants, extravasation T/F? Chemotherapy drugs cannot selectively distinguish between normal cells and cancer cells. True What is the goal of chemotherapy? Eliminate or reduce the number of cells in the primary and metastatic sites
Effect of cell destruction on bone marrow stem cells? Myelosuppression (infection, bleeding, anemia) Effect of cell destruction on epithelial cells lining the GI tracts? Anorexia, mucositis, N/V/D Effect of cell destruction on hair follicle cells? Alopecia Effect of cell destruction on neutrophils? Leukopenia, infection Effect of cell destruction on ova and testes? Reproductive problems general principles of radiation? Uses low-energy and high-energy beams Expand energy quickly on impact with matter, penetrate only a short distance. Low-energy beams Greater depth of penetration not reaching full intensity until they reach a certain depth High-energy beams What does radiation limited to? Maximal tolerated dose Centigray (cGy) = 1 rad 100 cGy = 1 gray
tissue typing, has been found to be HLA matched to the recipient (host). Allogenic transplantation Type of allogeneic transplant where the stem cells are taken from one identical twin and infused into the other Syngeneic transplantation Patients receive their own stem cells back after myeloablative Autologous transplantation Destroying bone marrow Myeloablative What are the complications of the stem cell treatment for cancer? Bacterial, viral, and fungal infections, post-transplant complications, graft-versus-host disease š³ Uric acid levels due to chemotherapy-induced cell destruction. Hyperuricemia What is the nursing management for hyperuricemia?
Cardiotoxicity What is the nursing intervention for cardiotoxicity?
What is the nursing intervention for Stomatitis, Mucositis, and Esophagitis?