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EXAM 3 REVIEW: Cardiovascular, Pulmonary, Renal,
Genitourinary
Right atrium tricuspid valve right ventriclepulmonic valvepulmonary artery
pulmonary arteriolespulmonary capillaries [gas exchange with alveoli occurs here]
pulmonary venules pulmonary veinsleft atriummitral valveleft ventricle aortic
valve
aorta
part of this freshly oxygenated blood goes into coronary arteries,
which branch off the aorta just beyond the aortic valve.
part goes up to brain via carotids
rest goes to tissue beds of remainder of body
arterioles capillaries [gas exchange with tissue occurs here ] venules
veinsinferior vena cava (from body) or superior vena cava (from head) right
atrium
❖ PERIPHERAL VASCULAR SYSTEM
➢Venous: vessels that carry deoxygenated blood from tissues to right side of heart
▪ Healthy veins: Facilitate good venous return & prevent backflow;
▪
Bad Veins: bad valves ⟶ backflow ⟶ venous congestion ⟶ peripheral tissue edema;
stasis
& immobility
⟶
sluggish blood flow
▪ Chronic Venous Insufficiency (CVI): backflow (congestion) of blood into distal
veins of legs & feet
•
Floppy valves ⟶ blood backflow ⟶ congestion & stasis of blood in legs & feet ⟶
increased hydrostatic pressure ⟶ engorged veins ⟶ pushes fluid into tissues ⟶
edema ⟶
S&S
• S&S: edema
⟶
swollen, tight, dry, discolored skin; venous stasis ulcers
(tissue breakdown from edema/poor cell fxn), thrombi, varicose veins (+
hydrostatic pressure
⟶
backflow pressure to surface veins)
• Risk factors: standing for too long, pregnancy, old people, genetics, immobility
• Tx: encourage mobility, hydration, elevate legs for venous return, blood
thinners, look for skin breaks, TED hose
▪ Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): clot on vein wall, usually deep vein in thigh/calf
• S&S: Thrombophlebitis, redness/pain/erythema/warmth (inflammatory
signs), edema, unilateral
• Risk factors: 1+ element of Virchow’s Triad
◆Virchow’s Triad: injury to endothelium of vein (ex. surgery), stasis of blood
flow (ex. muscles not pumping/venous insuff), hypercoagulability (ex.
Dehydration)
➢ Couch potato, casts, bed-ridden, pregnant, obese,
diuretics/hormone therapy, CVI
•
Sequela of DVT ⟶ Pulmonary Embolus
▪ Pulmonary Embolism (PE):
•Thrombus breaks free & becomes venous emboli
⟶
goes to lungs
⟶
gets
stuck in pulm arterioles (PE)
⟶
blocks deoxy blood from getting to alveoli to
get Oxy
⟶
SOB, chest
pain, ⟶ irritates arterial intima ⟶ inflammation ⟶
leakage of blood into lung tissue ⟶
hemoptysis
• S&S: chest pain, SOB, hemoptysis (blood in sputum), shock (from systemic
release of inflammatory mediators), death
• Tx: encourage mobility, hydration, elevate legs for venous return, blood
thinners, look for
skin breaks, TED hose
▪ VTE (venous thromboembolism) = DVT + PE
➢Arteries: vessels that carry oxygenated blood from heart to tissue beds all over body
▪ Healthy arteries: good vasomotor tone & patent lumen (flexible, compliant,
patent, normal resistance)
⟶
good perfusion
⟶
no ischemia
•Good Perfusion : delivery of O2 & nutrients to tissues
◆cap refill <2 seconds, skin pink, warm, pulse normal, norm BP range
(110/60 to 115/70), normal organ function (good urine output, good
