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Endocrine System Exam Q&A: Hormone Regulation and Disorders, Exams of Nursing

A concise overview of the endocrine system, focusing on hormone regulation and related disorders. It covers key concepts such as hormone characteristics, feedback mechanisms, and conditions like siadh and diabetes insipidus. The material is presented in a question-and-answer format, making it useful for exam preparation and quick review. It includes definitions, mechanisms, and treatments related to endocrine imbalances, offering a structured approach to understanding the complexities of hormonal regulation and its clinical implications. Designed to aid students in grasping the fundamental principles of endocrinology and their practical applications.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 06/05/2025

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Nurs 3310 Test 1 (Black) Exam Questions
With correct Answers
Endocrine |System |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Composed |of |cells |and |organs |that |manufacture |and
|secrete |hormones. |It |is |a |system |of |communication |that |controls |many |life-long |bodily |responses |and
|functions
Thymus |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-larger |in |children |while |they |develop |an |immune |system. |It |gets
|smaller |without |use |(as |we |age).
Glands |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-may |produce |or |secret |hormone
Hormones |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-goes |to |its |target |and |causes |an |action |or |response
Target |cells |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-read |and |follow |hormone's |instructions
how |does |the |endocrine |system |respond |to |stimuli? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-by |releasing |hormones
|from |endocrine |glands
Hormones |regulate |four |major |body |functions: |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Reproduction
Growth |and |development
Homeostasis
Metabolism
All |hormones |share |certain |general |characteristics: |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--Rates |and |patterns
-Operate |within |a |feedback |system
-Affect |target |cells |with |specific |receptors |and |then |act |to |initiate |specific |cell |functions |or |activities
|(they |respond |only |to |those |hormones |for |which |they |have |receptors)
-Excreted |by |kidneys |or |deactivated |by |the |liver |or |cellular |mechanisms
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Nurs 3310 Test 1 (Black) Exam Questions

With correct Answers

Endocrine |System |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Composed |of |cells |and |organs |that |manufacture |and |secrete |hormones. |It |is |a |system |of |communication |that |controls |many |life-long |bodily |responses |and |functions

Thymus |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-larger |in |children |while |they |develop |an |immune |system. |It |gets |smaller |without |use |(as |we |age).

Glands |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-may |produce |or |secret |hormone

Hormones |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-goes |to |its |target |and |causes |an |action |or |response

Target |cells |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-read |and |follow |hormone's |instructions

how |does |the |endocrine |system |respond |to |stimuli? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-by |releasing |hormones |from |endocrine |glands

Hormones |regulate |four |major |body |functions: |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Reproduction

Growth |and |development

Homeostasis

Metabolism

All |hormones |share |certain |general |characteristics: |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--Rates |and |patterns

-Operate |within |a |feedback |system

-Affect |target |cells |with |specific |receptors |and |then |act |to |initiate |specific |cell |functions |or |activities |(they |respond |only |to |those |hormones |for |which |they |have |receptors)

-Excreted |by |kidneys |or |deactivated |by |the |liver |or |cellular |mechanisms

Negative |feedback |loop |in |the |endocrine |system |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-cold |exposure |à |hypothalamus |(thyrotropin- |releasing |hormone) |à |anterior |pituitary |(thyrotropin) |à |thyroid |à |thyroxine. |Then |a |negative |feedback |loop |tells |anterior |pituitary |to |stop |releasing |thyrotropin.

Hyposecretion |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-gland |releases |an |inadequate |amount |of |hormone |to |meet |physiologic |needs; |not |enough |secreted

Hypersecretion |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-increased |secretion. |Too |much |secreted

Hyporesponsiveness |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-of |the |target |organ |will |cause |the |same |set |of |clinical |symptoms |as |hyposecretion. |usually |caused |by |deficiency |of |receptors

Hyposecretion |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--NOT |ENOUGH

-Congenital

-Absence |of |enzyme |needed |for |synthesis

-Disruption |of |blood |flow

-Infection, |inflammation, |immune |response

-Neoplasms

-Any |growth |will |affect |the |release |of |hormones

Hypersecretion |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--TOO |MUCH

-Excessive |stimulation

-Hyperplasia |of |the |gland

-Hormone |producing |tumor |of |the |gland

Hypothalamus |& |Pituitary |Gland |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Regulates |hormone |secretion |from |all |major |endocrine |organs |except |the |pancreas |and |parathyroid |glands

Hypothalamus |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-the |primary |organ |of |the |body |concerned |with |maintaining |homeostasis; |that |is, |keeping |the |body's |internal |environment |constant. |Sends |several |hormones |to |anterior |or |posterior |pituitary |gland

ADH |is |also |referred |to |as |______________ |because |of |its |ability |to |cause |vasoconstriction |if |plasma

|levels |are |extremely |elevated |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-vasopressin

Syndrome |of |Inappropriate |ADH |secretion |(SIADH) |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-high |levels |of |ADH |without |normal |physiologic |stimuli |for |its |release

Diabetes |Insipidus |(DI) |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-insufficient |secretion |of |antidiuretic |hormone |(vasopressin)

fluid |is |vascular |space |with |DI |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-decreased |(concentrated)

fluid |is |vascular |space |with |SIADH |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-increased |(diluted)

sodium |level |in |DI |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-hypernatremia

sodium |level |is |SIADH |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-hyponatremia

specific |gravity |in |DI |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-decreased |(low)

specific |gravity |in |SIADH |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-increased |(high)

Brain |cells |in |DI |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-shrink

Brain |cells |in |SIADH |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-swell

Weight |in |DI |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-decreases

Weight |is |SIADH |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-increases

fluid |treatment |in |DI |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-increase |intake

fluid |treatment |in |SIADH |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-restrict |intake

SIADH |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-High |levels |of |ADH, |released |continuously |(with |no |feedback |control); |triggered |by |stimuli |other |than |increased |osmolarity |and |decreased |ECF |volume.

SIADH |causes |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-tumors |of |the |CNS, |certain |drugs, |cancers, |common |with |critical |illness, |and |surgery

SIADH |is |aka |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Water |intoxication, |too |much |volume

SIADH |is |characterized |by: |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Water |retention

Water |retention |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-excessive |water |is |reabsorbed |by |distal |convoluted |tubule |and |collecting |ducts. |ADH |secretion |increases |the |amount |of |water |reabsorption |from |the |kidneys

Water |retention |is |characterized |by: |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Decreased |urine |output, |concentrated |urine |osmolarity |(urine |has |lots |of |solutes), |hypervolemia |(swollen, |DVT, |JVD)

Serum |and |Extracellular |fluid |volume |expands |and |dilutional |hyponatremia |develops |- |VERIFIED

|ANSWER✔✔-Serum |osmolality |is |low. |The |blood |is |diluted. |Na+ |level |decreases. |Extra |water |in |the |blood. |Cells |swell, |effects |of |cellular |swelling |on |neurons |can |be |profound |(confusion, |seizures, |coma)

Manifestations |of |SIADH |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Serum |hypo-osmolality |and |hyponatremia

Where |is |the |water |in |SIADH? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-outside |the |cell, |in |the |tissues

SIADH |Treatment |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-fluid |restriction, |Diuretics, |Hypertonic |IV |saline |solution

Why |should |vasopressin |be |used |with |caution |in |patients |with |CAD |or |PVD? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-it |is |a |powerful |vasoconstrictant

What |are |some |nursing |implications |for |vasopressin? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-If |patient |inadvertently |takes |too |much |drug, |assess |for |s/s |of |water |intoxication: |drowsiness, |listlessness, |and |headache. |Assess |for |vasoconstrictive |effects: |angina, |hypertension, |gangrene |of |extremities. |Assess |compliance |- |lifelong |administration: |delivered |by |nasal |spray. |Tablet |for |enuresis. |Monitor |I |and |O, |daily |weight

Anterior |Pituitary |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--Anatomically |separate |from |the |hypothalamus, |but |functionally |connected |to |it |via |its |blood |supply

-In |response |to |hormone |activation |from |hypothalamus, |anterior |pituitary |will |secrete |various |hormones

-a |major |target |organ |for |hypothalamus |hormones |with |release |of |its |own |hormones

Hormones |produced |by |Anterior |Pituitary |include: |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--Somatotropic |hormones

-Thyroid |stimulating |hormone |(TSH)

-Adrenocorticotropin |(ACTH) |hormone

-Follicle |stimulating |hormone |(FSH) |

-Lutenizing |hormone |(LH)

Somatotropic |hormones |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--Growth |hormone

-Prolactin

Thyroid |stimulating |hormone |(TSH) |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Thyrotropin |controls |the |release |of |thyroid |hormone |from |the |thyroid |gland

Adrenocorticotropin |(ACTH) |hormone |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Controls |the |release |of |cortisol |from |the |adrenal |gland

Growth |hormone |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--Also |called |somatotropin

-Released |from |the |anterior |pituitary |in |response |to |growth-hormone |releasing |factor |(GHRF) |from |the |hypothalamus

-Acts |directly |on |most |body |tissues, |promoting |protein |deposits |that |are |essential |for |growth

-Increases |the |mobilization |of |fatty |acids

-Decreases |glucose |utilization |(insulin |resistance |is |increased)

-No |specific |target |organ

Will |blood |sugar |increase |or |decrease |with |growth |hormone? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-increase

Deficiency |of |Growth |Hormone |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--Caused |by |decreased |secretion |of |GhRF |or |GH, |tumors, |radiation, |trauma

-Impairs |normal |growth |and |development |in |infants, |children |and |adolescents |(when |GH |is |normally |secreted |in |higher |amounts).

-Treated |with |synthetic |GH |subcutaneously | 3 |to | 7 |days |a |week. |Prior |to |closure |of |epiphyseal |plates |(in |children)

-Goal: |improved |growth |velocity |and |attainment |of |an |adult |height |that |is |normal |for |the |individual's |genetic |background.

Sermorelin |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--Synthetic |growth |hormone-releasing |factor

-Acts |like |natural |GhRH: |acts |on |the |anterior |pituitary |to |stimulate |release |of |GH

-Use |for |treatment |in |GH |deficiency |in |children |to |normalize |growth |and |development

-Contraindicated |after |epiphyseal |closure

-Must |have |a |functioning |pituitary. |

-Monitor |height/weight

giantism |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-hypersecretion |of |GH |during |childhood, |resulting |in |abnormal |increase |in |the |length |of |long |bones |and |extreme |height |but |with |body |proportions |remaining |about |normal

acromegaly |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-hypersecretion |of |GH |during |adulthood. |causes |increased |bone |density |and |width |of |bones |enlarge. |ie: |lower |jaw, |hands, |face, |and |feet

We |need |an |adequate |supply |of |iodine |in |our |diet |for |thyroid |hormone |to |be |produced |because |-

|VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-the |thyroid |gland |takes |iodine |from |the |blood |to |make |thyroid |hormones

When |thyroid |hormone |levels |get |low |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-TRH |is |released |from |the |hypothalamus

TRH |Stimulates |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-thyroid-stimulating |hormone |(TSH) |release |from |the |anterior |pituitary

TSH |target |organ |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-thyroid |gland

thyroid |gland |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-secretes |thyroid |hormones

TSH |stimulates |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-all |aspects |of |thyroid |function, |including |release |of |T3 |and |T

Function |of |Thyroid |Hormones |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-regulation |of |protein |synthesis, |basal |metabolic |rate |(BMR), |which |is |the |rate |of |heat |production |and |energy |expenditure |in |the |body, |gluconeogenesis |and |cellular |uptake |of |glucose, |the |force |and |rate |of |cardiac |contractions, |normal |development |of |CNS, |the |responsiveness |of |target |cells |(beta-receptors) |to |catecholamines, |thus |increasing |heart |rate |and |causing |heightened |emotional |responsiveness

Goiter |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Enlarged |thyroid |glands, |Appears |in |both |hypofunction |or |hyperfunction |of |the |thyroid, |can |be |caused |by |iodine |deficiency

The |thyroid |gland |enlarges |as |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-an |attempt |to |produce |sufficient |amounts |of |thyroid |hormones |or |in |response |to |overproduction |of |hormones

Low |iodine |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-when |iodine |availability |is |low, |production |of |thyroid |hormones |decreases. |This |promotes |the |release |of |TSH |which |causes |thyroid |size |to |increase |(goiter)

High |iodine |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-when |iodine |levels |are |high, |uptake |of |iodine |is |suppressed, |and |synthesis |and |release |of |thyroid |hormones |decline

Serum |T4 |test |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-measures |total |(bound |plus |free) |thyroxine, |reflects |overall |thyroid |activity, |used |for |initial |screening |of |thyroid |function, |decreased |in |hypothyroid |(primary), |increased |in |hyperthyroid

Serum |T3 |test |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Measures |total |(bound |plus |free) |triiodothyronine, |Useful |in |diagnosing |hyperthyroidism

Serum |TSH |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Most |sensitive |test |for |diagnosis |of |hypothyroidism |because |small |reductions |in |T3 |and |T4 |cause |dramatic |increase |in |TSH

Hypothyroidism |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Most |common |thyroid |disorder, |Results |from |decreased |levels |of |circulating |thyroid |hormone

Hypothyroidism |caused |by: |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-autoimmune |diseases |(Hashimoto's), |insufficient |iodine |in |the |diet, |surgical |removal |of |the |thyroid, |destruction |of |the |thyroid |by |radiation, |neoplasms, |severe |trauma, |Infections, |congenital

Primary |Hypothyroidism |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Results |from |pathologic |process |that |destroys |thyroid |gland |(high |TSH, |low |thyroid |hormone)

Secondary |Hypothyroidism |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Caused |by |deficiency |of |pituitary |TSH |secretion |(low |TSH, |low |thyroid |hormone); |May |be |med |induced: |(Iodide, |PTU, |Sulfonamides, |Amiodarone, |Interleukin |2, |Interferon |alpha)

Cretinism |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-deficiency |occurs |during |embryonic |and |neonatal |life |(causes |mental |retardation |and |derangement |of |growth) |(born |with |hypothyroidism)

what |will |a |baby |with |cretinism |look |like? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-larger

How |is |a |baby |with |cretinism |going |to |act? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-sweet |and |happy, |calm |and |NOT |fussy

Hyperthyroidism |Caused |by |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Dysfunction |of |the |thyroid |gland, |the |pituitary, |or |the |hypothalamus |(Overactive); |Excessive |intake |of |thyroid |hormones

Hyperthyroidism |aka |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Thyrotoxicosis

Hyperthyroidism |causes |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Graves |disease |(more |common), |Toxic |nodular |goiter

Graves |Disease |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Autoimmune |disease |in |which |developed |antibodies |stimulate |TSH |production |and |inappropriately |activate |production |of |thyroid |hormones |(T3 |& |T4)

symptoms |of |graves |disease |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--Adrenergic |stimulation- |BMR

-Tachycardia |and |palpitations

-Heat |intolerance-excessive |sweating

-Nervousness

-Thin |hair |and |skin

-Tremor

-Large |and |protruding |eyeballs-exophthalmos

-Weight |loss |with |hunger

Because |increased |amounts |of |thyroid |hormones |reach |the |cells... |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-all |metabolic |activities |are |increased |the |BMR |rises, |energy |expenditure |is |increased, |and |heat |production |rises

Thyrotoxic |Crisis |aka |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-thyroid |storm

Thyrotoxic |Crisis |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Life-threatening |complication

Thyrotoxic |Crisis |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--sudden |increase |in |thyroid |hormone |levels

-uncontrolled |fever |- | 100 |to | 106 |degrees

-significant |tachycardia, |dysrhythmias

-profuse |diaphoresis

-shock

-vomiting

-dehydration

-CNS: |hyperkinesis, |anxiety, |and |confusion

Drug |Treatment |of |Hyperthyroidism |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Thiomides: |PTU, |Tapazole

Thiomides |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--Stops |the |thyroid |from |making |thyroid |hormone!

-Does |not |destroy |existing |thyroid |stores

-Overuse |converts |to |hypothyroid |state

-Monitor |levels |of |T4 |and |T

-Goiter |associated |with |prolonged |use

-PTU |is |preferred |treatment |during |pregnancy |and |breast |feeding

Iodine |Compounds |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Decrease |the |size |and |vascularity |of |the |gland

Radioactive |Iodine |(131I) |- |DOC |for |Graves |Dx |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--Used |to |destroy |thyroid |tissue |(goal |is |to |avoid |destroying |too |much)

-Does |not |affect |surrounding |tissue

-Monitor |bone |marrow

-Usually |1-3 |treatments, |full |effects |may |take |2-3 |months

-Contraindicated |with |pregnancy

Lugol's |solution, |SSKI |(Potassium |iodide) |- |nonradioactive |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--Used |preoperatively |to |decrease |vascularity |and |decrease |bleeding |risk

-Dilute |in |fruit |juice |for |taste, |stains |teeth

-Report |symptoms |of |iodism: |brassy |taste, |mouth |burning, |sore |gum |& |teeth

-Report |and |discontinue |if |severe |abdominal |distress |develops |from |toxicity

More |than | 30 |hormones |are |produced |by |the |adrenal |gland. |Of |these |hormones: |- |VERIFIED

|ANSWER✔✔--Aldosterone |is |the |principal |mineralocorticoid |- |Salt

-Cortisol |(hydrocortisone) |the |major |glucocorticoid |- |Sugar

-Estrogens |and |Androgens, |the |Sex |hormones

What |regulates |hormone |release? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--Glucocorticoids |are |regulated |by |the |hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal |negative |feedback

-Secretion |of |Aldosterone |is |regulated |by |renin-angiotensin |mechanism

Glucocorticoids |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--Essential |for |survival

-Cortisol |(hydrocortisone) |is |the |major |glucocorticoid

Major |actions |of |Glucocorticoids |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--Regulate |mood

-Suppress |the |immune |and |inflammatory |response

-Increase |breakdown |of |Protein |and |Fats

-Inhibit |insulin |release

Mineralocorticoids |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--Play |an |essential |role |in |regulating |fluid |and |mineral |balance |(sodium |and |potassium)

-Aldosterone |stimulates |kidneys |to |retain |Na |& |water |and |lose |K+

androgens |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-chief |sex |hormones

Addison's |Disease |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--Hypofunction |of |Adrenals

-Chronic |adrenal |insufficiency

-Caused |by |destruction |of |adrenal |glands

-Autoimmune |response |- |most |common

-Deficient |cortisol |secretion, |may |have |↓ |aldosterone |and |androgen |production

-Add |steroids

Addison's |Disease |Clinical |manifestations |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--Not |enough |aldosterone |will |decrease |Na+ |and |water |and |increase |K+. |Most |of |the |S&S |will |initially |come |from |HYPERKALEMIA

-Cortisol |insufficiency |causes |diminished |gluconeogenesis, |decreased |liver |glycogen, |and |increased |sensitivity |of |peripheral |tissues |to |insulin.

-Blood |sugar |is |going |to |go |decrease

-Symptoms |are |often |vague |& |may |not |be |apparent |until |80-90% |of |the |adrenals |have |been |destroyed

People |with |Addison's |Disease |commonly |complain |of... |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--Chronic |fatigue, |muscle |weakness

-N |& |V

-Anorexia |and |weight |loss

-Occasional |acute |abdominal |distress

-Salt |cravings |(dt |↓ |aldosterone |and |resulting |hyponatremia)

-Hypoglycemia

-Hyperpigmentation |à |bronzing |of |skin

With |persistent |insufficient |amts. |of |cortisol |and |aldosterone |the |body |becomes: |- |VERIFIED

|ANSWER✔✔-Weak, |Dehydrated |and |unable |to |maintain |BP

Treatment |- |Addison |Dx |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--Combat |the |fluid |volume |deficit

-Why |are |they |losing |volume? |-> |not |enough |aldosterone |and |losing |water |and |Na+

-Hormone |replacement |therapy

-Oral |corticosteroids |(Replace |cortisol)

-Prednisone, |Cortisone, |Hydrocortisone

-Sometimes |mineralocorticoids |(Replace |aldosterone)

-Fludrocortisone

-Maintains |Na+/K+ |balance

-Increase |salt |in |the |diet |-> |daily |weights |to |check

-Will |need |replacement |therapy |for |life

-Adjunct |to |surgical |removal |of |tumor

-Drugs |that |↓ |corticosteroid |production

-Aminoglutethimide |(Cytadren)

-Can |expect |resolution |within |one |year |after |removal |of |tumor.

-Striae |will |persist

Pheochromocytoma |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--A |rare |cause |of |secondary |hypertension

-It |is |an |adrenal |medullary |tumor |that |releases |excessive |amounts |of |catecholamines |(epi |and |norepi) |generally |in |an |intermittent |manner.

-Will |have |surges |of |epi |and |norepi

-Are |benign |in |95% |of |cases

Diagnosis:

-Vanylmandelic |Acid |Test

-24-hour |Urine |test |looking |for |increased |levels |of |epi |and |norepi

Clinical |manifestations:

-severe |HTN: |250/140 |mm |Hg) |lasting |minutes |to |hours

-pounding |headaches

-palpitations, |dysrhythmias

-diaphoresis

Treatment: |

-surgical |resection |of |pheochromocytoma

Parathyroid |Glands |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--Four |in |number, |lie |posterior |and |adjacent |to |the |thyroid |gland

Function:

-regulate |the |serum |levels |of |calcium

-control |rate |of |bone |metabolism

-regulates |phosphorus |levels

Parathyroid |glands |secrete |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-PTH |(parathyroid |hormone)

PTH |is |released |and |acts |on |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-bones, |renal |tubules, |and |intestinal |mucosa

Directly |regulated |by |negative |feedback |system |of |the |circulating |blood |levels |of |___________ |-

|VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-calcium

As |calcium |levels |fall |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-more |PTH |is |secreted; |as |calcium |levels |rise, |hormone |secretion |is |reduced

PTH |maintains |extracellular |calcium |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Bone, |GI |System, |Kidneys

Bone |PTH |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-increases |the |rate |at |which |calcium |is |released |from |the |bone |which |leads |to |an |overall |loss |of |bone |mass

GI |System |PTH |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-indirectly |controls |the |rate |at |which |calcium |is |absorbed |from |the |GI |tract |by |increasing |Vitamin |D |activation

Kidneys |PTH |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-causes |tubular |calcium |reabsorption |and |increases |phosphate |excretion

Hyperparathyroidism |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--Do |not |have |normal |feedback |mechanism

-Too |much |PTH |despite |Ca |level |à |negative |feedback |broken

Will |see:

-increased |Ca |levels

-decrease |or |stay |the |same |Phos |levels

Does |the |↑ |serum |Ca |help?

-Too |much |PTH |causes |Ca |to |be |removed |from |bone |into |serum, |therefore |serum |calcium |level |rises |(hypercalcemia)