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A concise overview of the endocrine system, focusing on hormone regulation and related disorders. It covers key concepts such as hormone characteristics, feedback mechanisms, and conditions like siadh and diabetes insipidus. The material is presented in a question-and-answer format, making it useful for exam preparation and quick review. It includes definitions, mechanisms, and treatments related to endocrine imbalances, offering a structured approach to understanding the complexities of hormonal regulation and its clinical implications. Designed to aid students in grasping the fundamental principles of endocrinology and their practical applications.
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Endocrine |System |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Composed |of |cells |and |organs |that |manufacture |and |secrete |hormones. |It |is |a |system |of |communication |that |controls |many |life-long |bodily |responses |and |functions
Thymus |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-larger |in |children |while |they |develop |an |immune |system. |It |gets |smaller |without |use |(as |we |age).
Glands |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-may |produce |or |secret |hormone
Hormones |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-goes |to |its |target |and |causes |an |action |or |response
Target |cells |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-read |and |follow |hormone's |instructions
how |does |the |endocrine |system |respond |to |stimuli? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-by |releasing |hormones |from |endocrine |glands
Hormones |regulate |four |major |body |functions: |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Reproduction
Growth |and |development
Homeostasis
Metabolism
All |hormones |share |certain |general |characteristics: |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--Rates |and |patterns
-Operate |within |a |feedback |system
-Affect |target |cells |with |specific |receptors |and |then |act |to |initiate |specific |cell |functions |or |activities |(they |respond |only |to |those |hormones |for |which |they |have |receptors)
-Excreted |by |kidneys |or |deactivated |by |the |liver |or |cellular |mechanisms
Negative |feedback |loop |in |the |endocrine |system |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-cold |exposure |à |hypothalamus |(thyrotropin- |releasing |hormone) |à |anterior |pituitary |(thyrotropin) |à |thyroid |à |thyroxine. |Then |a |negative |feedback |loop |tells |anterior |pituitary |to |stop |releasing |thyrotropin.
Hyposecretion |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-gland |releases |an |inadequate |amount |of |hormone |to |meet |physiologic |needs; |not |enough |secreted
Hypersecretion |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-increased |secretion. |Too |much |secreted
Hyporesponsiveness |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-of |the |target |organ |will |cause |the |same |set |of |clinical |symptoms |as |hyposecretion. |usually |caused |by |deficiency |of |receptors
Hyposecretion |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--NOT |ENOUGH
-Congenital
-Absence |of |enzyme |needed |for |synthesis
-Disruption |of |blood |flow
-Infection, |inflammation, |immune |response
-Neoplasms
-Any |growth |will |affect |the |release |of |hormones
Hypersecretion |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--TOO |MUCH
-Excessive |stimulation
-Hyperplasia |of |the |gland
-Hormone |producing |tumor |of |the |gland
Hypothalamus |& |Pituitary |Gland |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Regulates |hormone |secretion |from |all |major |endocrine |organs |except |the |pancreas |and |parathyroid |glands
Hypothalamus |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-the |primary |organ |of |the |body |concerned |with |maintaining |homeostasis; |that |is, |keeping |the |body's |internal |environment |constant. |Sends |several |hormones |to |anterior |or |posterior |pituitary |gland
ADH |is |also |referred |to |as |______________ |because |of |its |ability |to |cause |vasoconstriction |if |plasma
|levels |are |extremely |elevated |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-vasopressin
Syndrome |of |Inappropriate |ADH |secretion |(SIADH) |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-high |levels |of |ADH |without |normal |physiologic |stimuli |for |its |release
Diabetes |Insipidus |(DI) |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-insufficient |secretion |of |antidiuretic |hormone |(vasopressin)
fluid |is |vascular |space |with |DI |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-decreased |(concentrated)
fluid |is |vascular |space |with |SIADH |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-increased |(diluted)
sodium |level |in |DI |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-hypernatremia
sodium |level |is |SIADH |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-hyponatremia
specific |gravity |in |DI |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-decreased |(low)
specific |gravity |in |SIADH |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-increased |(high)
Brain |cells |in |DI |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-shrink
Brain |cells |in |SIADH |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-swell
Weight |in |DI |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-decreases
Weight |is |SIADH |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-increases
fluid |treatment |in |DI |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-increase |intake
fluid |treatment |in |SIADH |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-restrict |intake
SIADH |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-High |levels |of |ADH, |released |continuously |(with |no |feedback |control); |triggered |by |stimuli |other |than |increased |osmolarity |and |decreased |ECF |volume.
SIADH |causes |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-tumors |of |the |CNS, |certain |drugs, |cancers, |common |with |critical |illness, |and |surgery
SIADH |is |aka |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Water |intoxication, |too |much |volume
SIADH |is |characterized |by: |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Water |retention
Water |retention |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-excessive |water |is |reabsorbed |by |distal |convoluted |tubule |and |collecting |ducts. |ADH |secretion |increases |the |amount |of |water |reabsorption |from |the |kidneys
Water |retention |is |characterized |by: |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Decreased |urine |output, |concentrated |urine |osmolarity |(urine |has |lots |of |solutes), |hypervolemia |(swollen, |DVT, |JVD)
Serum |and |Extracellular |fluid |volume |expands |and |dilutional |hyponatremia |develops |- |VERIFIED
|ANSWER✔✔-Serum |osmolality |is |low. |The |blood |is |diluted. |Na+ |level |decreases. |Extra |water |in |the |blood. |Cells |swell, |effects |of |cellular |swelling |on |neurons |can |be |profound |(confusion, |seizures, |coma)
Manifestations |of |SIADH |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Serum |hypo-osmolality |and |hyponatremia
Where |is |the |water |in |SIADH? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-outside |the |cell, |in |the |tissues
SIADH |Treatment |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-fluid |restriction, |Diuretics, |Hypertonic |IV |saline |solution
Why |should |vasopressin |be |used |with |caution |in |patients |with |CAD |or |PVD? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-it |is |a |powerful |vasoconstrictant
What |are |some |nursing |implications |for |vasopressin? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-If |patient |inadvertently |takes |too |much |drug, |assess |for |s/s |of |water |intoxication: |drowsiness, |listlessness, |and |headache. |Assess |for |vasoconstrictive |effects: |angina, |hypertension, |gangrene |of |extremities. |Assess |compliance |- |lifelong |administration: |delivered |by |nasal |spray. |Tablet |for |enuresis. |Monitor |I |and |O, |daily |weight
Anterior |Pituitary |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--Anatomically |separate |from |the |hypothalamus, |but |functionally |connected |to |it |via |its |blood |supply
-In |response |to |hormone |activation |from |hypothalamus, |anterior |pituitary |will |secrete |various |hormones
-a |major |target |organ |for |hypothalamus |hormones |with |release |of |its |own |hormones
Hormones |produced |by |Anterior |Pituitary |include: |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--Somatotropic |hormones
-Thyroid |stimulating |hormone |(TSH)
-Adrenocorticotropin |(ACTH) |hormone
-Follicle |stimulating |hormone |(FSH) |
-Lutenizing |hormone |(LH)
Somatotropic |hormones |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--Growth |hormone
-Prolactin
Thyroid |stimulating |hormone |(TSH) |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Thyrotropin |controls |the |release |of |thyroid |hormone |from |the |thyroid |gland
Adrenocorticotropin |(ACTH) |hormone |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Controls |the |release |of |cortisol |from |the |adrenal |gland
Growth |hormone |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--Also |called |somatotropin
-Released |from |the |anterior |pituitary |in |response |to |growth-hormone |releasing |factor |(GHRF) |from |the |hypothalamus
-Acts |directly |on |most |body |tissues, |promoting |protein |deposits |that |are |essential |for |growth
-Increases |the |mobilization |of |fatty |acids
-Decreases |glucose |utilization |(insulin |resistance |is |increased)
-No |specific |target |organ
Will |blood |sugar |increase |or |decrease |with |growth |hormone? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-increase
Deficiency |of |Growth |Hormone |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--Caused |by |decreased |secretion |of |GhRF |or |GH, |tumors, |radiation, |trauma
-Impairs |normal |growth |and |development |in |infants, |children |and |adolescents |(when |GH |is |normally |secreted |in |higher |amounts).
-Treated |with |synthetic |GH |subcutaneously | 3 |to | 7 |days |a |week. |Prior |to |closure |of |epiphyseal |plates |(in |children)
-Goal: |improved |growth |velocity |and |attainment |of |an |adult |height |that |is |normal |for |the |individual's |genetic |background.
Sermorelin |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--Synthetic |growth |hormone-releasing |factor
-Acts |like |natural |GhRH: |acts |on |the |anterior |pituitary |to |stimulate |release |of |GH
-Use |for |treatment |in |GH |deficiency |in |children |to |normalize |growth |and |development
-Contraindicated |after |epiphyseal |closure
-Must |have |a |functioning |pituitary. |
-Monitor |height/weight
giantism |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-hypersecretion |of |GH |during |childhood, |resulting |in |abnormal |increase |in |the |length |of |long |bones |and |extreme |height |but |with |body |proportions |remaining |about |normal
acromegaly |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-hypersecretion |of |GH |during |adulthood. |causes |increased |bone |density |and |width |of |bones |enlarge. |ie: |lower |jaw, |hands, |face, |and |feet
We |need |an |adequate |supply |of |iodine |in |our |diet |for |thyroid |hormone |to |be |produced |because |-
|VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-the |thyroid |gland |takes |iodine |from |the |blood |to |make |thyroid |hormones
When |thyroid |hormone |levels |get |low |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-TRH |is |released |from |the |hypothalamus
TRH |Stimulates |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-thyroid-stimulating |hormone |(TSH) |release |from |the |anterior |pituitary
TSH |target |organ |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-thyroid |gland
thyroid |gland |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-secretes |thyroid |hormones
TSH |stimulates |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-all |aspects |of |thyroid |function, |including |release |of |T3 |and |T
Function |of |Thyroid |Hormones |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-regulation |of |protein |synthesis, |basal |metabolic |rate |(BMR), |which |is |the |rate |of |heat |production |and |energy |expenditure |in |the |body, |gluconeogenesis |and |cellular |uptake |of |glucose, |the |force |and |rate |of |cardiac |contractions, |normal |development |of |CNS, |the |responsiveness |of |target |cells |(beta-receptors) |to |catecholamines, |thus |increasing |heart |rate |and |causing |heightened |emotional |responsiveness
Goiter |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Enlarged |thyroid |glands, |Appears |in |both |hypofunction |or |hyperfunction |of |the |thyroid, |can |be |caused |by |iodine |deficiency
The |thyroid |gland |enlarges |as |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-an |attempt |to |produce |sufficient |amounts |of |thyroid |hormones |or |in |response |to |overproduction |of |hormones
Low |iodine |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-when |iodine |availability |is |low, |production |of |thyroid |hormones |decreases. |This |promotes |the |release |of |TSH |which |causes |thyroid |size |to |increase |(goiter)
High |iodine |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-when |iodine |levels |are |high, |uptake |of |iodine |is |suppressed, |and |synthesis |and |release |of |thyroid |hormones |decline
Serum |T4 |test |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-measures |total |(bound |plus |free) |thyroxine, |reflects |overall |thyroid |activity, |used |for |initial |screening |of |thyroid |function, |decreased |in |hypothyroid |(primary), |increased |in |hyperthyroid
Serum |T3 |test |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Measures |total |(bound |plus |free) |triiodothyronine, |Useful |in |diagnosing |hyperthyroidism
Serum |TSH |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Most |sensitive |test |for |diagnosis |of |hypothyroidism |because |small |reductions |in |T3 |and |T4 |cause |dramatic |increase |in |TSH
Hypothyroidism |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Most |common |thyroid |disorder, |Results |from |decreased |levels |of |circulating |thyroid |hormone
Hypothyroidism |caused |by: |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-autoimmune |diseases |(Hashimoto's), |insufficient |iodine |in |the |diet, |surgical |removal |of |the |thyroid, |destruction |of |the |thyroid |by |radiation, |neoplasms, |severe |trauma, |Infections, |congenital
Primary |Hypothyroidism |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Results |from |pathologic |process |that |destroys |thyroid |gland |(high |TSH, |low |thyroid |hormone)
Secondary |Hypothyroidism |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Caused |by |deficiency |of |pituitary |TSH |secretion |(low |TSH, |low |thyroid |hormone); |May |be |med |induced: |(Iodide, |PTU, |Sulfonamides, |Amiodarone, |Interleukin |2, |Interferon |alpha)
Cretinism |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-deficiency |occurs |during |embryonic |and |neonatal |life |(causes |mental |retardation |and |derangement |of |growth) |(born |with |hypothyroidism)
what |will |a |baby |with |cretinism |look |like? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-larger
How |is |a |baby |with |cretinism |going |to |act? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-sweet |and |happy, |calm |and |NOT |fussy
Hyperthyroidism |Caused |by |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Dysfunction |of |the |thyroid |gland, |the |pituitary, |or |the |hypothalamus |(Overactive); |Excessive |intake |of |thyroid |hormones
Hyperthyroidism |aka |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Thyrotoxicosis
Hyperthyroidism |causes |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Graves |disease |(more |common), |Toxic |nodular |goiter
Graves |Disease |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Autoimmune |disease |in |which |developed |antibodies |stimulate |TSH |production |and |inappropriately |activate |production |of |thyroid |hormones |(T3 |& |T4)
symptoms |of |graves |disease |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--Adrenergic |stimulation- |BMR
-Tachycardia |and |palpitations
-Heat |intolerance-excessive |sweating
-Nervousness
-Thin |hair |and |skin
-Tremor
-Large |and |protruding |eyeballs-exophthalmos
-Weight |loss |with |hunger
Because |increased |amounts |of |thyroid |hormones |reach |the |cells... |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-all |metabolic |activities |are |increased |the |BMR |rises, |energy |expenditure |is |increased, |and |heat |production |rises
Thyrotoxic |Crisis |aka |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-thyroid |storm
Thyrotoxic |Crisis |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Life-threatening |complication
Thyrotoxic |Crisis |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--sudden |increase |in |thyroid |hormone |levels
-uncontrolled |fever |- | 100 |to | 106 |degrees
-significant |tachycardia, |dysrhythmias
-profuse |diaphoresis
-shock
-vomiting
-dehydration
-CNS: |hyperkinesis, |anxiety, |and |confusion
Drug |Treatment |of |Hyperthyroidism |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Thiomides: |PTU, |Tapazole
Thiomides |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--Stops |the |thyroid |from |making |thyroid |hormone!
-Does |not |destroy |existing |thyroid |stores
-Overuse |converts |to |hypothyroid |state
-Monitor |levels |of |T4 |and |T
-Goiter |associated |with |prolonged |use
-PTU |is |preferred |treatment |during |pregnancy |and |breast |feeding
Iodine |Compounds |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Decrease |the |size |and |vascularity |of |the |gland
Radioactive |Iodine |(131I) |- |DOC |for |Graves |Dx |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--Used |to |destroy |thyroid |tissue |(goal |is |to |avoid |destroying |too |much)
-Does |not |affect |surrounding |tissue
-Monitor |bone |marrow
-Usually |1-3 |treatments, |full |effects |may |take |2-3 |months
-Contraindicated |with |pregnancy
Lugol's |solution, |SSKI |(Potassium |iodide) |- |nonradioactive |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--Used |preoperatively |to |decrease |vascularity |and |decrease |bleeding |risk
-Dilute |in |fruit |juice |for |taste, |stains |teeth
-Report |symptoms |of |iodism: |brassy |taste, |mouth |burning, |sore |gum |& |teeth
-Report |and |discontinue |if |severe |abdominal |distress |develops |from |toxicity
More |than | 30 |hormones |are |produced |by |the |adrenal |gland. |Of |these |hormones: |- |VERIFIED
|ANSWER✔✔--Aldosterone |is |the |principal |mineralocorticoid |- |Salt
-Cortisol |(hydrocortisone) |the |major |glucocorticoid |- |Sugar
-Estrogens |and |Androgens, |the |Sex |hormones
What |regulates |hormone |release? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--Glucocorticoids |are |regulated |by |the |hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal |negative |feedback
-Secretion |of |Aldosterone |is |regulated |by |renin-angiotensin |mechanism
Glucocorticoids |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--Essential |for |survival
-Cortisol |(hydrocortisone) |is |the |major |glucocorticoid
Major |actions |of |Glucocorticoids |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--Regulate |mood
-Suppress |the |immune |and |inflammatory |response
-Increase |breakdown |of |Protein |and |Fats
-Inhibit |insulin |release
Mineralocorticoids |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--Play |an |essential |role |in |regulating |fluid |and |mineral |balance |(sodium |and |potassium)
-Aldosterone |stimulates |kidneys |to |retain |Na |& |water |and |lose |K+
androgens |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-chief |sex |hormones
Addison's |Disease |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--Hypofunction |of |Adrenals
-Chronic |adrenal |insufficiency
-Caused |by |destruction |of |adrenal |glands
-Autoimmune |response |- |most |common
-Deficient |cortisol |secretion, |may |have |↓ |aldosterone |and |androgen |production
-Add |steroids
Addison's |Disease |Clinical |manifestations |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--Not |enough |aldosterone |will |decrease |Na+ |and |water |and |increase |K+. |Most |of |the |S&S |will |initially |come |from |HYPERKALEMIA
-Cortisol |insufficiency |causes |diminished |gluconeogenesis, |decreased |liver |glycogen, |and |increased |sensitivity |of |peripheral |tissues |to |insulin.
-Blood |sugar |is |going |to |go |decrease
-Symptoms |are |often |vague |& |may |not |be |apparent |until |80-90% |of |the |adrenals |have |been |destroyed
People |with |Addison's |Disease |commonly |complain |of... |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--Chronic |fatigue, |muscle |weakness
-N |& |V
-Anorexia |and |weight |loss
-Occasional |acute |abdominal |distress
-Salt |cravings |(dt |↓ |aldosterone |and |resulting |hyponatremia)
-Hypoglycemia
-Hyperpigmentation |à |bronzing |of |skin
With |persistent |insufficient |amts. |of |cortisol |and |aldosterone |the |body |becomes: |- |VERIFIED
|ANSWER✔✔-Weak, |Dehydrated |and |unable |to |maintain |BP
Treatment |- |Addison |Dx |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--Combat |the |fluid |volume |deficit
-Why |are |they |losing |volume? |-> |not |enough |aldosterone |and |losing |water |and |Na+
-Hormone |replacement |therapy
-Oral |corticosteroids |(Replace |cortisol)
-Prednisone, |Cortisone, |Hydrocortisone
-Sometimes |mineralocorticoids |(Replace |aldosterone)
-Fludrocortisone
-Maintains |Na+/K+ |balance
-Increase |salt |in |the |diet |-> |daily |weights |to |check
-Will |need |replacement |therapy |for |life
-Adjunct |to |surgical |removal |of |tumor
-Drugs |that |↓ |corticosteroid |production
-Aminoglutethimide |(Cytadren)
-Can |expect |resolution |within |one |year |after |removal |of |tumor.
-Striae |will |persist
Pheochromocytoma |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--A |rare |cause |of |secondary |hypertension
-It |is |an |adrenal |medullary |tumor |that |releases |excessive |amounts |of |catecholamines |(epi |and |norepi) |generally |in |an |intermittent |manner.
-Will |have |surges |of |epi |and |norepi
-Are |benign |in |95% |of |cases
Diagnosis:
-Vanylmandelic |Acid |Test
-24-hour |Urine |test |looking |for |increased |levels |of |epi |and |norepi
Clinical |manifestations:
-severe |HTN: |250/140 |mm |Hg) |lasting |minutes |to |hours
-pounding |headaches
-palpitations, |dysrhythmias
-diaphoresis
Treatment: |
-surgical |resection |of |pheochromocytoma
Parathyroid |Glands |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--Four |in |number, |lie |posterior |and |adjacent |to |the |thyroid |gland
Function:
-regulate |the |serum |levels |of |calcium
-control |rate |of |bone |metabolism
-regulates |phosphorus |levels
Parathyroid |glands |secrete |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-PTH |(parathyroid |hormone)
PTH |is |released |and |acts |on |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-bones, |renal |tubules, |and |intestinal |mucosa
Directly |regulated |by |negative |feedback |system |of |the |circulating |blood |levels |of |___________ |-
|VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-calcium
As |calcium |levels |fall |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-more |PTH |is |secreted; |as |calcium |levels |rise, |hormone |secretion |is |reduced
PTH |maintains |extracellular |calcium |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Bone, |GI |System, |Kidneys
Bone |PTH |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-increases |the |rate |at |which |calcium |is |released |from |the |bone |which |leads |to |an |overall |loss |of |bone |mass
GI |System |PTH |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-indirectly |controls |the |rate |at |which |calcium |is |absorbed |from |the |GI |tract |by |increasing |Vitamin |D |activation
Kidneys |PTH |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-causes |tubular |calcium |reabsorption |and |increases |phosphate |excretion
Hyperparathyroidism |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--Do |not |have |normal |feedback |mechanism
-Too |much |PTH |despite |Ca |level |à |negative |feedback |broken
Will |see:
-increased |Ca |levels
-decrease |or |stay |the |same |Phos |levels
Does |the |↑ |serum |Ca |help?
-Too |much |PTH |causes |Ca |to |be |removed |from |bone |into |serum, |therefore |serum |calcium |level |rises |(hypercalcemia)