Download NURS 328 - UNDERSTANDING RESEARCH Florence Nightingale - CORRECT ANSWER -nursing researc and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!
NURS 328 - UNDERSTANDING
RESEARCH
Florence Nightingale - CORRECT ANSWER - nursing research began with the famous nurse Tradition - CORRECT ANSWER - the source of knowledge in most disciplines that is difficult to challenge is Quantitative Research - CORRECT ANSWER - the type of research that involves systematic collection and analysis of controlled, numerical information is Qualitative Research - CORRECT ANSWER - the type of research that involves the systematic collection and analysis of narrative materials is Scientific Approach - CORRECT ANSWER - the approach to knowledge that uses systematic, controlled procedures is known as the Field - CORRECT ANSWER - naturalistic inquiry always takes place in the Research - CORRECT ANSWER - is a systematic inquiring that uses rigorous methods to answer questions or solve problems Nursing Research - CORRECT ANSWER - systematic inquiry designed to develop knowledge about issues or phenomena important to the nursing profession and discipline Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) - CORRECT ANSWER - is broadly defined as the use of the best clinical evidence in making care decisions Replication - CORRECT ANSWER - repeating the same studies with different samples, contexts, or at different times to ensure that findings are robust
Systematic Reviews - CORRECT ANSWER - gather and integrate research information on a given topic to draw conclusions about the quality of the evidence accumulated to date; systematic reviews are central to EBP Paradigm - CORRECT ANSWER - is a worldview; a general perspective on the complexities of the "real" world The two broad paradigms are - CORRECT ANSWER - positivist/postpositivist and naturalistic Determinism - CORRECT ANSWER - refers to the positivists' belief that phenomena (observable facts and events) are not haphazard or random, but rather have antecedent causes Positivist Paradigm - CORRECT ANSWER - the traditional paradigm underlying the scientific approach, which assumes that there is a fixed, orderly reality that can be objectively studied; often associated with quantitative research Postpositivist Paradigm - CORRECT ANSWER - a modification of the traditional positivist paradigm that acknowledges the impossibility of total objectivity; postpositivists appreciate the impediments to knowing reality with certainty and therefore seek probabilistic evidence Naturalistic Paradigm - CORRECT ANSWER - an alternative paradigm to the traditional positivist paradigm tat holds that there are multiple interpretations of reality, and that the goal of research is to understand how individuals construct reality within their context; often associated with qualitative research Research Methods - CORRECT ANSWER - are techniques researchers use to structure a study and to gather and analyze information relevant to the research question(s) Scientific Method - CORRECT ANSWER - is a general set of orderly, disciplined procedures used to acquire information Empirical Evidence - CORRECT ANSWER - is rigorously gathered (e.g., evidence collected directly or indirectly through the senses rather than through personal hunches) IMRAD Format - CORRECT ANSWER - quantitative reports (and many qualitative ones) typically follow a conventional format for organizing content
Multisite Studies - CORRECT ANSWER - the use of multiple sites offers a larger or more diverse group of participants Concept (in quantitative research) - CORRECT ANSWER - an abstraction based on observation of, or inferences from, behaviors or characteristic (e.g., stress, pain) Phenomena (in qualitative research) - CORRECT ANSWER - the abstract concept under study, most often used by qualitative researchers in lieu of the term "variable" Theory - CORRECT ANSWER - a systematic, abstract explanation of some aspect of reality Variables - CORRECT ANSWER - an attribute of a person or object that varies, that is, takes on different values (e.g., body temperature, age, heart rate) Independent Variable - CORRECT ANSWER - the presumed cause; the variable that is believed to cause or influence the dependent variable; in experimental research, the manipulated (treatment) variable Dependent Variable - CORRECT ANSWER - the presume effect; the variable hypothesized to depend on or be caused by another variable (the independent variable; the outcome variable of interest Deductive Reasoning - CORRECT ANSWER - the process of developing specific predictions from general principles Inductive Reasoning - CORRECT ANSWER - the process of reasoning from specific observations to more general rules Conceptual Definition - CORRECT ANSWER - the abstract or theoretical meaning of the concepts being studied Operational Definition - CORRECT ANSWER - the definition of a concept or variable in terms of the procedures by which it is to be measured Data - CORRECT ANSWER - the pieces of information obtained in the course of a study (singular is datum)
Data Set - CORRECT ANSWER - the total collection of data on all variables for all study participants Quantitative Data - CORRECT ANSWER - information collected in a quantified (numeric) form Qualitative Data - CORRECT ANSWER - information collected in narrative (non-numeric) form, such as the transcript of an unstructured interview Quantitative (Quantities) Qualitative (Qualities) - CORRECT ANSWER - Quantitative = scientific, orderly, empirical, formal, precision Qualitative = naturalistic, subjective, flexible, holistic Cause-and-Effect (or causal) Relationship - CORRECT ANSWER - a relationship between two variables such that the presence or absence of one variable (the "cause") determines the presence or absence, or value, of the other (the "effect") Scientific Merit - CORRECT ANSWER - the degree to which a study is methodologically and conceptually sound Randomness - CORRECT ANSWER - an important concept in quantitative research, involving having certain features of the study established by chance rather than by design or personal preference Reliability - CORRECT ANSWER - the degree of consistency or dependability with which an instrument measures the attribute it is designed to measure Validity - CORRECT ANSWER - the degree to which an instrument measures what it is intended to measure Trustworthiness - CORRECT ANSWER - the degree of confidence qualitative researcher have in their data, assessed using the criteria of credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability Credibility - CORRECT ANSWER - a criterion for evaluating data quality in qualitative studies, referring to confidence in the truth of the data
5.) the variable that requires an operational definition The Dependent Variable - CORRECT ANSWER - 1.) the outcome variable 2.) the variable that is hypothesized to depend on the independent variable 3.) the variable that is the presumed effect 4.) the variable that is an attribute 5.) the variable that requires an operational definition Data - CORRECT ANSWER - pieces of information obtained in the course of the study Pilot Study - CORRECT ANSWER - a small-scale trial run Variable - CORRECT ANSWER - a quality of a person, group, or situation that can take on different values Sample - CORRECT ANSWER - the group of people selected to participate in the study Qualitative - CORRECT ANSWER - type of research used when little is known about a topic Researcher - CORRECT ANSWER - the person who undertakes the research Subjects - CORRECT ANSWER - used in quantitative research to describe the people being studied Saturation - CORRECT ANSWER - used by qualitative researchers to guide sampling decisions Dissemination - CORRECT ANSWER - the final phase of a research project Grounded Theory - CORRECT ANSWER - an approach to collecting and analyzing qualitative data that aims to develop theories and theoretical propositions grounded in real-world observations Phenomenology - CORRECT ANSWER - a qualitative research tradition, with roots in philosophy and psychology, that focuses on the lived experience of humans
Ethnography - CORRECT ANSWER - a branch of human inquiry, associated with the field of anthropology, that focuses on the culture of a group of people, with an effort to understand the worldview of those under study Literature Review - CORRECT ANSWER - a critical summary of research on a topic of interest, often prepared to put a research problem in context Population - CORRECT ANSWER - the entire set of individuals or objects having some common characteristics (e.g., all RNs in South Africa); sometimes call a universe Sample - CORRECT ANSWER - a subset of a population, selected to participate in a study Sampling Plan - CORRECT ANSWER - the formal plan specifying a sampling method, a sample size, and procedures for recruiting subjects Pilot Study - CORRECT ANSWER - a small-scale version, or trial run, done in preparation for a major study Coding - CORRECT ANSWER - the process of transforming raw data into standardized form for data processing and analysis; in quantitative research, the process of attaching numbers to categories; in qualitative research, the process of identifying recurring words, themes, or concepts within the data Gaining Entry - CORRECT ANSWER - the process of gaining access to study participants in qualitative field studies through the cooperation of key actors in the selected community or site Emergent Design - CORRECT ANSWER - a design that unfolds in the course of a qualitative study as the researcher makes ongoing design decisions reflecting what has already been learned Nuremberg Code - CORRECT ANSWER - a set of research ethics principles for human experimentation set as a result of the Subsequent Nuremberg Trials at the end of the Second World War Declaration of Helsinki - CORRECT ANSWER - a set of ethical principles regarding human experimentation developed for the medical community by the World Medical Association (WMA)
Nonmaleficence - CORRECT ANSWER - the ethical principle of doing no harm; researchers' duty to avoid or minimize harm to participants Risk/Benefit Assessment - CORRECT ANSWER - an assessment designed to determine whether the benefits of participating in a study are in line with the costs, be they financial, physical, emotional, or social; that is, whether the risk/benefit ratio is acceptable Minimal Risk - CORRECT ANSWER - anticipated risks that are no greater than those ordinarily encountered in daily life or during the performance of routine tests or procedures Consent Form - CORRECT ANSWER - a written agreement signed by a study participant and a researcher concerning the terms and conditions of voluntary participation in a study Implied Consent - CORRECT ANSWER - consent to participate in a study that a researcher assumes has been given based on certain actions of the participant (such as returning a completed questionnaire) Process Consent - CORRECT ANSWER - in a qualitative study, an ongoing, transactional process of negotiating consent with study participants, allowing them to play a collaborative role in the decision making regarding their continued participation Anonymity - CORRECT ANSWER - protection of participants in a study such that even the researcher cannot link individuals with the information provided Identification (ID) Numbers - CORRECT ANSWER - substituting identification (ID) numbers for participants' names on study records and computer files can prevent any accidental breach of confidentiality Debriefing - CORRECT ANSWER - communication with study participants after participation is complete regarding various aspects of the study Assent - CORRECT ANSWER - the affirmative agreement of a vulnerable subject (e.g., a child) to participate in a study Research Ethics Boards (REBs) - CORRECT ANSWER - a group established within Canadian universities, hospitals, and other institutions where research is conducted to ensure that ethical principles are applied to research involving human subjects
Research Misconduct - CORRECT ANSWER - fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, or other practices that seriously deviate from those that are commonly accepted within the scientific community for proposing, conducting, or reporting research Beneficence - CORRECT ANSWER - seek to prevent harm and maximize benefits for participants Anonymity - CORRECT ANSWER - protection of participants that even the researcher cannot link individuals with information provided Confidentiality - CORRECT ANSWER - protection of participants so that their individual identities will not be publicly divulged Debriefing - CORRECT ANSWER - communication with study participants (usually after the study) about various aspects of the study Covert Data Collection - CORRECT ANSWER - collection of information without the participants knowing Informed Consent - CORRECT ANSWER - requires researchers to obtain the voluntary participation of participants after they are told about the possible risks and benefits of the study Vulnerable Subjects - CORRECT ANSWER - a group of participants whose rights need special protection because they are not able to provide meaningful informed consent Process Consent - CORRECT ANSWER - specific to a qualitative study, an ongoing process of negotiating consent with study participants Research Problem - CORRECT ANSWER - a situation involving an enigmatic, perplexing, or conflictual condition that can be investigated through disciplined inquiry Problem Statement - CORRECT ANSWER - the statement of the research problem, often phrased in the form of a research question
Qualitative Study - CORRECT ANSWER - the purpose of this study is to explore the process by which spiritual needs of the terminal ill person are met by members of the multidisciplinary team Qualitative Study - CORRECT ANSWER - the purpose of this study is to describe the type of touch used by nurses in caring for babies in the ICU Qualitative Study - CORRECT ANSWER - the purpose of this study is to understand a client's feelings of hopelessness during a serious illness Qualitative Study - CORRECT ANSWER - the purpose of this study is to discover the essence of the maternal-child bond in a single child families Quantitative Study - CORRECT ANSWER - the purpose of this study is to test whether the presence of classical music reduces the level of aggression in elderly clients Quantitative Study - CORRECT ANSWER - the purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between a client's age and number of prescribed medications Theory - CORRECT ANSWER - an abstract generalization that presents a systematic explanation about the relationships among phenomena Descriptive Theory - CORRECT ANSWER - a broad characterization that thoroughly accounts for a single phenomenon Grand Theory - CORRECT ANSWER - a broad theory aimed at describing large segments of the physical, social, or behavioral world; also called a macrotheory Macrotheory - CORRECT ANSWER - a broad theory aimed aimed at describing large segments of the physical, social, or behavioral world; also called a grand theory Middle-Range Theory - CORRECT ANSWER - a theory that focuses on only a piece of reality or human experience involving a selected number of concepts (e.g., theories of stress) Conceptual Model - CORRECT ANSWER - interrelated concepts or abstractions assembled together in a rational scheme by virtue of their relevance to a common theme; sometimes called conceptual framework
Model - CORRECT ANSWER - a symbolic representation of concepts or variables and interrelationships among them Framework - CORRECT ANSWER - the conceptual underpinnings of a study; often called a theoretical framework in studies based on a theory, or a conceptual framework in studies rooted in a specific conceptual model McGill Model of Nursing - CORRECT ANSWER - this model focuses on the health-promoting interactions of nurses with individuals and families Borrowed Theory - CORRECT ANSWER - a theory borrowed from another discipline to guide nursing practice or research Substantive Theory - CORRECT ANSWER - in grounded theory, a theory that is grounded in data from a single study on a specific substantive area (e.g., postpartum depression); in contrast to formal theory Medline - CORRECT ANSWER - an electronic database that may be helpful to health caregiver who are interested in reviewing the research literature on a certain topic Topic - CORRECT ANSWER - in conducting a subject search in an electronic database you would most likely initiate the search by typing in the topic Meta-analysis - CORRECT ANSWER - a technique for quantitatively combining and thus integrating the results of multiple studies on a given topic Abstract Journal Article - CORRECT ANSWER - summarizes articles that have appeared in other journals Index - CORRECT ANSWER - a major type of print resource for a bibliographic search Primary Source - CORRECT ANSWER - the original research report prepared by the investigator who conducted the study
Control Group - CORRECT ANSWER - subjects in an experiment who do not receive the experimental treatment and whose performance provides a baseline against which the effects of the treatment can be measured Experimental Group - CORRECT ANSWER - subjects in a study who receive the experimental treatment or intervention Randomization - CORRECT ANSWER - the assignment of subjects to treatment conditions in a manner determined by chance alone; also called random assignment Posttest-Only Design - CORRECT ANSWER - an experimental design in which data are collected from subjects only after the experimental intervention has been introduced; also called an after-only design Pretest Data (Baseline Data) - CORRECT ANSWER - the collection of data before the experimental intervention Posttest Data - CORRECT ANSWER - the collection of data after introducing an experimental intervention Factorial Design - CORRECT ANSWER - an experimental design in which two or more independent variables are simultaneously manipulated, permitting a separate analysis of the main effects of the independent variables, plus the interaction effects of those variables Main Effects - CORRECT ANSWER - in a study with multiple independent variables, the effects of a single independent variable on the dependent variable Interaction Effects - CORRECT ANSWER - the effect of two or more independent variables acting in combination (interactively) on a dependent variable rather than as unconnected factors Between-Subjects Design - CORRECT ANSWER - a research design in which there are separate groups of people being compared (e.g., smokers and non-smokers) Within-Subjects Designs - CORRECT ANSWER - a research design in which a single group of subjects is compared under different conditions or at different points in time (e.g., before and after surgery)
Crossover Design - CORRECT ANSWER - an experimental design in which one group of subjects is exposed to more than one condition or treatment in random order; sometimes called a repeated- measures design Hawthorne Effect - CORRECT ANSWER - the effect on the dependent variable resulting from subjects' awareness that they are participants under study Double-Blind Experiments - CORRECT ANSWER - an experiment in which neither the subjects nor those who administer the treatment know who is in the experimental or control group Quasi-Experiments - CORRECT ANSWER - a study involving an intervention in which subjects are not randomly assigned to treatment conditions, but the researcher exercises certain controls to enhance the study's internal validity Nonequivalent Control Group Design - CORRECT ANSWER - a quasi-experimental design involving a comparison group that was not developed on the basis of random assignment, but from whom preintervention data usually are obtained to assess the initial equivalence of the groups Nonequivalent Control Group Before-After Design - CORRECT ANSWER - the most frequently used quasi-experimental design; involves two or more groups of subjects observed before and after the implementation of an intervention Comparison Group - CORRECT ANSWER - a group of subjects whose scores on a dependent variable are used to evaluate the outcomes of the group of primary interest (e.g., nonsmokers as a comparison group for smokers); term often used in lieu of control group when the study design is not a true experiment Preexperimental Design - CORRECT ANSWER - a research design that does not include mechanisms to compensate for the absence of either randomization or a control group Time Series Design - CORRECT ANSWER - a quasi-experimental design involving the collection of data over an extended period of time, with multiple data collection points both before and after an intervention
Follow-up Study - CORRECT ANSWER - a study undertaken to determine the outcomes of individuals with a specified condition or who have received a specified treatment Homogeneity - CORRECT ANSWER - in terms of the reliability of an instrument, the degree to which its sub-parts are internally consistent (e.g., are measuring the same critical attribute); more generally, the degree to which objects are similar (e.g., characterized by low variability) Matching - CORRECT ANSWER - the pairing of subjects in one group with those in another group, based on their similarity on one or more dimensions, to enhance the overall similarity of comparison groups Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) - CORRECT ANSWER - a statistical procedure used to test mean differences among groups o a dependent variable, while controlling for one or more extraneous variables (covariates) Statistical Conclusion Validity - CORRECT ANSWER - the degree to which conclusions about relationships and differences from a statistical analysis of the data are legitimate Statistical Power - CORRECT ANSWER - the ability of the research design and analysis to detect true relationships among variables Internal Validity - CORRECT ANSWER - the degree to which it can be inferred that the experimental treatment (or independent variable), rather than extraneous factors, is responsible for observed effects History Threat - CORRECT ANSWER - the occurrence of events external to an intervention (or other independent variable) but occurring concurrent with it, which can affect the dependent variable and threaten the study's internal validity Selection Threat (Self-Selection) - CORRECT ANSWER - a threat to the internal validity of the study resulting from preexisting differences between groups under study; the differences affect the dependent variable in ways extraneous to the effect of the independent variable Maturation Threat - CORRECT ANSWER - a threat to the internal validity of a study that results when changes to the outcome measure (dependent variable) result from the passage of time
Mortality Threat - CORRECT ANSWER - a threat to the internal validity of a study, referring to the differential loss of participants (attrition) from different groups External Validity - CORRECT ANSWER - the degree to which study results can be generalized to setting or samples other than the one studied Placebo Effect - CORRECT ANSWER - changes in the dependent variable attributable to the placebo condition Manipulation - CORRECT ANSWER - refers to the researcher's ability to randomly assign people to different levels of the variable or to different groups In quantitative research, the following variables can be manipulated: - CORRECT ANSWER - salary level of caregiver; level of auditory stimulation; type of birth control used; number of drinks of alcohol taken daily In quantitative research, the following variables cannot be manipulated: - CORRECT ANSWER - age of onset of menses; grief level of dying person's family; father-infant bonding; attitudes towards nurse practitioners; blood type; infant's birth weight In an ______________ design the researcher controls (manipulates) the independent variable and randomly assigns subjects to different conditions. - CORRECT ANSWER - experimental A ______________ design does not include mechanisms to compensate for the absence of either randomization or control group. - CORRECT ANSWER - preexperimental In a ______________ design the investigator does not randomly assign participants but does manipulate the independent variable and controls to enhance the internal validity. - CORRECT ANSWER - quasi-experimental In a ______________ design the researcher collects data without introducing any treatment. - CORRECT ANSWER - non-experimental This experimental design is sometimes called a crossover design. In the ______________ design one group of subjects is exposed to more than one condition in random order. - CORRECT ANSWER - repeated-measures
