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NURS 321 - Pathophysiology (Radford
University) Chapter1 Questions With
Complete Solutions
neoplasia correct answer: -disorder of cell growth -disorder of proliferation and differentiation -uncontrolled cell growth and division cell proliferation correct answer: process of cell division in which the number of cells dying is equal to the number of cells dividing three types of cells correct answer: -permanent: cannot reproduce -labile: continually reproduce -stable: can reproduce if needed cell differentiation correct answer: -stem cells differentiate as needed -as cell increases specificity, it cannot be altered -bone marrow is main source of stem cells -the more differentiated, the less likely a cell will be malignant -if it is a tumor, more apt to be benign bone marrow correct answer: main source of stem cells undifferentiated cell correct answer: -not going along the path that it should and that's a bad thing
cell cycle correct answer: -checkpoints: edit and repair defects -if defects are not corrected, then alteration -life span varies from <8 hours to >1 year carcinogen correct answer: -causes damage -examples: sunburn, cigarette smoke, radiation -DNA of cells are altered -constant damage (tanning) results in cell being unable to "remember" original DNA info failure of DNA repair correct answer: -part of oncogensis -activation of growth-promoting oncogenes -inactivation of tumor-suppressor oncogenes -alterations in genes that control apoptosis repair gene correct answer: P53: those that don't have it require only one exposure for oncogensis to begin neoplasia correct answer: unregulated cell growth and division tumor correct answer: swelling, not cancer neoplasm correct answer: -new, unregulated growth, a mass -benign -malignant (carcinoma, cancer) -metastatic malignant tumors correct answer: only tumors that can metastasize
-change in contact inhibition (avoid contact) -loss of cohesiveness -life span is immortal -altered tissue antigens -secretes enzymes that destroy protein (cell membranes) invasion and metastasis correct answer: -secretion of enzymes by the cancer cells that breaks down the matrix of regular cells -sentinel node, the closest lymph node to infection, swells -can't feel sentinel nodes in stomach, which is why cancers in the abdomen are hard to diagnose tumor growth factors correct answer: 1) number of cells
- duration of the cell cycle
- number of cells lost compared to the number of new cells oncogensis correct answer: -interactions with multiple risk factors -chronic exposure to one risk factor (i.e. coal mining, smoking, drinking, frequent sunburn, etc.) oncogenes (review) correct answer: -are mutated proto- oncogenes -they still code for the proteins needed for cell division -but they might produce too much of the protein, an abnormal protein, protein that turns on by itself, protein that is made when it is not needed, protein that cannot turn cell division off, and/or protein that should be made by a different cell oncogenes correct answer: -DNA repair gene, p53, may be dysfunctional
-p53 gene is a cell growth mediator -if p53 gene is mutated, it can't regulate -putting carcinogens into your body (i.e. smoking) chromosome translocation correct answer: -a chromosome abnormality caused by rearrangement of parts between nonhomologous chromosomes. -HER-2 gene - tumor cell -If HER-2 gene is present, 30% increase in breast cancer molecular pathways correct answer: pathways and genes that are known or suspected to facilitate the development of cancer tumor cell transformation correct answer: Three stages:
- initiation (exposure to carcinogen)
- promotion (induction of unregulated growth)
- progression (tumor cells acquire malignant phenotype) heredity correct answer: 10% of one first degree relative 15% with two first degree relatives 30% with three first degree relatives host and environmental factors correct answer: -6 million chemical carcinogens -75 current human carcinogens -heredity -hormones -immunological defects -chemical carcinogens (lifestyle risks: smoking, ETOH) -radiation -oncogenic viruses
2nd - surgical 3rd - targeted (specific to area/cancer cells) 4th - systemic --chemo (kills all cells, good and bady) --hormonal/antihormonal therapy --biotherapy Active transport correct answer: The movement of a substance from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration, against a concentration gradient. Adaptation correct answer: Method by which cells attempt to prevent their own death from environmental changes. They may modify their size, numbers, or types in an attempt to manage these changes and maintain homeostasis. Alleles correct answer: One gene that may have many variants, which determines a characteristic. Anaphase correct answer: Phase of mitosis in which chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles. Anaplasia correct answer: The loss of differentiation that occurs with cancer. Apoptosis correct answer: Mechanism of programmed cell death that occurs because of morphologic changes in cells. Atrophy correct answer: State that occurs because of decreased work demands on a cell. When cellular work demands decrease, the cells decrease in size and number.
Autosomal dominant correct answer: Type of disorder in which a single gene mutation is passed from an affected parent to an offspring regardless of sex. Autosomal dominant disorders occur with homozygous and heterozygous allele pairs. Autosomal recessive correct answer: Type of disorder in which single gene mutations are passed from an affected parent to an offspring regardless of sex, but they occur only in homozygous allele pairs. Autosome correct answer: A paired set of chromosomes in DNA. Benign correct answer: Near-normal, differentiated condition of a cell or tumor, which causes fewer problems than an abnormal cell or tumor. Benign cells are usually encapsulated and are unable to metastasize. Cancer correct answer: The disease state associated with uncontrolled growth. Key features include rapid, uncontrolled proliferation and a loss of differentiation. Carcinogenesis correct answer: The process by which cancer develops. It occurs in three phases: initiation, promotion, and progression. Gaseous necrosis correct answer: Type of necrosis that occurs when the necrotic cells disintegrate, but the cellular debris remains for months or years.
Diffusion correct answer: The movement of solutes (particles dissolved in a solvent) from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration. Dominant correct answer: More powerful. In genetics, the dominant allele is more likely to be expressed in the offspring than the recessive one. Dry gangrene correct answer: Type of gangrene that occurs when bacterial presence is minimal, and the skin has a dry, dark brown, or black appearance. Dysplasia correct answer: The final cellular adaptation, in which cells mutate into cells of a different size, shape, and appearance. Electrolyte correct answer: A chemical that is a charged conductor when it is dissolved in water. Endocytosis correct answer: The act of bringing a substance into a cell. Enzyme correct answer: Protein that facilitates chemical reactions in cells. Exocytosis correct answer: The release of materials from a cell, usually with the assistance of a vesicle. Facilitated diffusion correct answer: The movement of substances from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration with the assistance of a carrier molecule.
Fat necrosis correct answer: Type of necrosis that occurs when lipase enzymes break down intracellular triglycerides into free fatty acids. Free radicals correct answer: Injurious, unstable agents that can cause cell death. Gangrene correct answer: A form of coagulative necrosis that is characterized by a combination of impaired blood flow and bacterial invasion. Gas gangrene correct answer: Type of gangrene that develops because of Clostridium, an anaerobic bacterium. This type of gangrene is the most serious and has the greatest potential for being fatal. Genes correct answer: A segment of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that serves as a template of protein synthesis. Genetics correct answer: The study of heredity-the passage of physical, biochemical, and physiologic traits from biological parents to their children. Glucose correct answer: A sugar molecule that provides energy. Heterozygous correct answer: Allele pair in which one allele is dominant and the other allele is recessive for a particular gene. Homozygous correct answer: Identical allele pair for a particular gene.
Malignant correct answer: State of a tumor that is usually made up of undifferentiated, nonfunctioning cells that are reproducing rapidly. Malignant tumors often penetrate surrounding tissue and spread to secondary sites. Meiosis correct answer: A form of cell division that occurs only in mature sperm and ova. Metaphase correct answer: Phase of mitosis in which the spindle fibers attach to centromeres and chromosomes align. Metaplasia correct answer: The process of one adult cell being replaced by another cell type. Metastasize correct answer: To spread (e.g., cancer cells). Mitosis correct answer: The most common form of cell division, where the cell divides into two separate cells. In mitosis, the division of one cell results in two genetically identical and equal daughter cells. This process occurs in four phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Multifactorial disorders correct answer: A result of an interaction between genes and environmental factors. Such a disorder does not follow a clear-cut pattern of inheritance. Multifactorial disorders may be present at birth, as with cleft lip or plate, or they may be expressed later in life, as with hypertension. Necrosis correct answer: A cell's inability to survive due to the extent of damage.
Neoplasm correct answer: A cellular growth that is no longer responding to normal regulator processes, usually because of a mutation. Also called a tumor. Nucleotide correct answer: Molecules that join together to form RNA and DNA. Nucleus correct answer: The control center of the cell, which contains all the genetic information (DNA) for the cell and is surrounded by a double membrane. The nucleus regulates cell growth, metabolism, and reproduction. Oncogene correct answer: Gene that activates cell division and influences embryonic development. Organelle correct answer: An internal cellular structure. Organelles perform the work that maintains the cell's life. Osmosis correct answer: The movement of water or another solvent across the cellular membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration. Osmotic pressure correct answer: The tendency of water to move by osmosis. Palliative correct answer: A goal of treatment aimed at increasing comfort. Phagocytosis correct answer: Endocytosis that involves solid particles. Also called cell eating.
occur just after initiation or years later, and it can be reversible if the promoting factors are removed. Prophase correct answer: Phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes condense and the nuclear membrane disintegrates. Prophylactic correct answer: Goal of treatment aimed at preventing disease. Protoplasm correct answer: A colorless, viscous liquid containing water, nutrients, ions, dissolved gases, and waste products where the cellular work takes place. Recessive correct answer: Less influential. In genetics, the recessive allele is less likely to be expressed in the offspring than the dominant one. Remission correct answer: Disease state that occurs when the manifestations subside. In cancer, it occurs when the cancer is responding to treatment and is under control. Remission may occur with some cancers, and generally, the patient does not exhibit any signs or symptoms of cancer. Selectively permeable correct answer: Condition that allows a cell to maintain internal balance or homeostasis. Sex-linked correct answer: Type of genetic disorder that is caused by genes located on the sex chromosomes.
Telophase correct answer: Phase of mitosis in which chromosomes arrive at each pole and new membranes are formed. Teratogens correct answer: A birth defect-causing agent TNM staging correct answer: Method of expressing the extent of disease by evaluating the tumor size, nodal involvement, and metastatic progress. Tumor correct answer: A cellular growth that is no longer responding to normal regulator processes. Also called a neoplasm. Wet gangrene correct answer: Type of gangrene that occurs with liquefaction necrosis. Extensive damage from bacteria and white blood cells produce a liquid wound. Stress, injury, and aging correct answer: can affect out body down to the cells five things cells can do to (doesn't happen at one time) survive stress atrophy hypertrophy hyperplasia metaplasia dysplasia Atrophy (A-without)
22 year old= good 75 old man= bad. not enough O2 to support heart muscle Normal: increase O2+increase muscle= equilibrium Hyperplasia correct answer: increase in number of cells Gland: creates tissue prostate gland: responds to testicular action and formation of sperm Hormonal in males: Ages and grows as a man does. At the end of a mans life, have an enlarged and hyperplastic prostate gland. because over time, it increases in the number of cells (not size. more cells made). more cells= larger prostate Hormonal in females: breast tissue: pregnancy= mammary glands increase. Cell number increase. Size goes down after breast feeding stops Metaplasia (meta-changing) Fun fact: (Smoking: 2 a day for a yea or 14 on a weekend= chemically addicted) correct answer: reversible change in cell type in order to survive. Ex.
Cilia lines the respiratory tract (bronchus, trachea). reacts to antigens and foreign things. smoker: breathes in Tar (plus chemicals). Cilia causes you to cough (for a few years). Cilia are not strong. Tar goes down and sits heavily on the cilia which can't support it. Cilia changes into a strong columnar cell. (cough stops). Tar sits on the cells not the endothelia lining of the bronchus after years: chemically addicted (pack a day). columnar cells are pounded down by layers of tar. Being invaded by chemical carcinogens. don't get lung cancer until later in life because it takes that long for the new cells to be destroyed. Dysplasia (dys-abnoraml, difficult) correct answer: deranged (lost) growth that results in varied size, shape or organization. precursor to cancer. cervical dysplasia: precursor to cancer (doesn't have the normal pattern cervical cells have). monitor, remove section so it doesn't spread HPV= genital warts. Why does the body dysplasia: to not repeat the injured pattern. If the cervix continued the pattern of HPV it would die. instead the cell tried to vary so it doesn't die.
