Download Nurs 302 Patho Test 2: Fluids, Electrolytes, Immunity, Cancer and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!
Nurs 302 Patho Test 2 Questions With
Complete Solutions
Fluid Compostion correct answer: Adults: 60% water Infant 70% water Adult Avg intake 1500 mL/day 800mL from food Fluid movement correct answer: Through filtration, osmosis, and homeostasis ADH correct answer: (vasopressin) controls the amount of fluid leaving the body through urine by controlling reabsorption Atrial Natriuretic peptide (ANP) correct answer: -released by myocardial cells in atrium of heart. -Regulate fluid by increasing fluid loss. -Can inhibit Na+ reabsorption -Inhibits the secretion of aldosterone and ADH Hypothalamus (Fluid movement) correct answer: osmoreceptor cells are designed to detect both fluid volume and concentration in the body Normal movement of fluids through the capillary wall into the tissues depends on two forces correct answer: hydrostatic pressure and oncotic pressure -keep the fluids from leaking out of the vessel
Causes of Fluid excess correct answer: - increased capillary hydrostatic pressure (HTN) -loss of plasma proteins (low albumin) -obstruction of lymphatic circulation (potential for 3rd spacing)
- increased capillary permeability (inflammation) Fluid deficit related to correct answer: low intake or hight loss of fluids, accompanied by electrolyte imbalance fluid loss affects correct answer: ECF first then ICF and cells Measurement of dehydration in % correct answer: 2% loss-mild 5% loss- moderate 8% loss- severe causes of fluid deficit correct answer: vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, insufficient water intake, DKA, concentrated formula Effects of fluid deficit correct answer: dry skin, mucous, poor skin turgor, low bp, weak pulse, high hematocrit, lethargic, confused third spacing correct answer: A response to trauma; fluids rush to one area to help, and get trapped and are no longer part of normal circulation ex.) ascites "safety deposit box" Value of Na+ correct answer: 135-142 mEq/L
Major Characteristics of Ca++ correct answer: -major cation for bones and teeth -Needed for cardiac and skeletal muscle contraction -Bone strength and density -Activation of enzymes or reactions
- Nerve impulse transmission -Blood clotting Hypocalcemia caused by: correct answer: -hypoparathyroidism -impaired absorption from the GI tract -Vit D decreases absorption of Ca++ Effects of hypocalcemia (CATS) correct answer: Convulsions Arrhythmias Tetany Spasms Value of HPO4 (phosphate) correct answer: 2.3-4.5 mg/dL Major Characteristics of HPO4 (Phosphate) correct answer: - found primarily in bone -major ANION of ICF
- has a see-saw affect with Ca++ Functions of HPO4 (phosphate) correct answer: -activate B- complex vitamin -Form and activate ATP
- Assist in cell division
- Assisting in release of oxygen from hemoglobin
- Metabolism of carbs, protein, and lipids
Low Phosphorus Caused by correct answer: malabsorption, increased renal excretion, Vit D deficiency, overuse of antacids and ETOH abuse High Phosphorous caused by correct answer: caused by chemotherapy, long term edema and laxative use pH of Blood correct answer: 7.35-7. Low- acidic High- alkalotic pCO2 correct answer: 35- low- alkalotic high- acidic HCO3 correct answer: 22-26 mEq/L Low- acidotic High- alkalotic Innate (nonspecific) immunity correct answer: -Healthy organism with strong natural defenses -immediate response -consist of anatomical barriers, inflammatory response, phagocytosis Adaptive (specific) Immunity correct answer: -specific to the pathogen -has memory -has 2 separate overlapping systems -humoral (antibody mediated) immunity -cellular (cell mediated) immunity
Active Immunity correct answer: acquired when the persons own body develops antibodies in response to specific antigens passive immunity correct answer: acquired when antibodies are transferred to the person-effective immediately, but for short duration Type 1 Hypersensitivity Reaction correct answer: -exposure to antigen (allergen) -development of IgE antibodies that bind to mast cells -mast cells release chemical mediators when re-exposure to the allergen Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity- Type 2 correct answer: -antigen is present in cell membrane -circulating IgGs bind to the antigen -Examples: response to incompatible blood transfusion Immune complex mediated hypersensitive- Type 3 correct answer: Antigen combines with antibody forming immune complexes- deposited in tissues cell-mediated hypersensitivity- Type 4 correct answer: - mediated by CD4+ T cells & involve antigen presenting cells such as macrophages -inflammatory response -release of cytokines from lymphocytes & macrophages Autoimmune Disorder correct answer: -production of antibodies that attack own cells/tissues -can affect single organs or tissues
-AIDS, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), RA, type 1 disorder Solid Tumor correct answer: cancer starts in organ tissue Leukemia correct answer: cancer starts in blood-forming tissue, such as bone marrow, and causes large numbers of abnormal blood cells to be produced and enter the bloodstream lymphocyctic or lymphoblastic Leukemia correct answer: - cancerous change begins in a type of marrow that forms lymphocytes. -Lymphoblasts mature to become T or B lymphocytes myelogenous or myeloid Leukemia correct answer: cancerous change that begins in the bone marrow and become immature white cells (myeloid blasts) then matures to become RBC, platelets, and some kinds of WBCs lymphoma correct answer: cancer starts in cells of immune system stage I tumor correct answer: some malignant cells, in place (insidu), hasn't gone far, easy to remove, least invasive Stage II tumor correct answer: more infiltration, not as good but manageable, sometimes providers will look for involvement in lymph nodes as a precaution Stage III tumor correct answer: there is involvement in lymph node
flow of blood correct answer: right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle preload correct answer: the volume within the heart at end of diastole. afterload correct answer: the force required to eject blood from the ventricles cardiac output formula correct answer: CO= HR X SV right heart failure correct answer: -result of ineffective right ventricular contraction -blood backs up into systemic circuit left heart failure correct answer: -due to ineffective left ventricular contraction -blood backs up into pulmonary circuit Ejection fraction correct answer: ratio of the volume of the blood that the heart empties during the systole to the volume of blood in the heart at the end of diastole expressed as a percentage Dysrhythmia (arrhythmias) correct answer: -disturbance in the heart rhythm -range from occasional to severe ex.) tacky, brady, flutter, fibrillation, asystole
myocardial infarction correct answer: -sudden and extended obstruction of the myocardial blood supply -cannot recover -cardiac muscle injury -coronary artery is obstructed Myocardial Ischemia correct answer: -local, temporary deprivation of the coronary blood supply -stable or unstable angina -ischemia occurs before death of tissue, there is time for intervention Benign Tumor Tissue correct answer: slow and organized growth of tissues Malignant Tumor Tissue correct answer: Rapid and erratic tissue growth Natural Passive Example correct answer: Mother to child for temporary protection; breastfeeding Artificial Passive Example correct answer: Anti-Venom; Not common; temporary Chemotherapy correct answer: -medications that are targeting the destruction of cells that go through the different cycles -kill healthy and malignant cells which is why chemo makes people sick Hodgkin Lymphoma correct answer: Marked by the presence of Reed- Sternberg Cell, orderly progression, easier to treat
-ECF and ICF Osmoreceptor cells correct answer: Trigger the brain to know if you are thirsty Hydrostatic Pressure correct answer: the force exerted inside the capillaries, starts with the heart pushing it through Osmotic (oncotic) pressure correct answer: -Interstitial fluid within and between cells -pressure determined by type of proteins and fluid -lower pressure -have a major effect on glomerular filter pressure Solutes correct answer: proteins and electrolytes in fluid Osmosis correct answer: Moving fluids from area of low solute concentration to high concentration Diffusion correct answer: Moving solutes from area of high concentrations to low Filtration correct answer: moving water & solutes from areas of high hydrostatic pressure to low hydrostatic pressure Active Transport correct answer: physiologic pump that moves solute from area of lower concentration to area of higher concentration Ex.) sodium-potassium pump
Antigen correct answer: substances that bind to a component of adaptive immunity (antibodies, immune cells) through chemotaxis -usually proteins or large polysaccharides Self Antigens correct answer: antigens that are not supposed to bind to anything -when they do a disease occurs (autoimmune, mutation) Non-self Antigens correct answer: Body recognizes them as foreign and creates a response (vaccine) Hypersensitivity Reactions correct answer: -allergic reactions -Unusual and perhaps damaging immune responses to normally harmless substances ex.) Hay fever, anaphylaxis, contact dermatitis, organ transplant rejection Course of Infection HIV/AIDS correct answer: 1- primary infection: 1-4 wks after exposure 2- Chronic or Latent Phase: no signs or symptoms; lasts 10 yrs or longer 3- AIDS phase Electrolytes correct answer: an atom or molecule with a net electric charge (anions or cations) Cations correct answer: positive charge -Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++
mostly lungs and kidneys Most important plasma buffering system correct answer: bicarbonate and carbonic acid system -controlled by lungs and kidneys -bicarb to acid ration 20: Respiratory Acidosis correct answer: elevated CO2 due to ventilation depression -Not breathing, respiratory depression -overdose of opioids Respiratory Alkalosis correct answer: depressed CO2 due to hyperventilation -anxiety -breath in a paper bag to breathe back in lost CO Metabolic Acidosis correct answer: -depression of HCO3 or increase of non carbonic acids -diabetic ketoacidosis (high blood sugar), starvation, renal failure, diarrhea -common in sick people R.O.M.E correct answer: respiratory opposite, metabolic equal Metabolic Alkalosis correct answer: elevation of HCO3 usually due to excessive loss of metabolic acids -excessive vomiting, prolonged suctioning from NG tube, low K+
Auto-rhythmic correct answer: Heart muscle can beat all by itself -doesn't need a rest
