Download Nurs 302 Final Exam – Pathophysiology- 496 Questions- With Complete Solutions and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!
Nurs 302 Final Exam – Pathophysiology- 496
Questions- With Complete Solutions
Atrophy correct answer: Decrease in the size of cells ◦Results in reduced tissue mass Hypertrophy correct answer: Increase in cell size ◦Results in enlarged tissue mass Hyperplasia correct answer: Increased number of cells ◦Resulting in an enlarged tissue mass Metaplasia correct answer: Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type Who ultimately defines health? correct answer: the patient Ischemia correct answer: Reduced blood supply to tissues Hypoxia correct answer: Reduced oxygen supply to the tissue Health correct answer: Dynamic state of physical, mental, and social well-being Disease correct answer: Deviation from the normal state of homeostasis Diagnosis correct answer: Identification of a specific disease
Etiology correct answer: Causative factors in a particular disease Pathogenesis correct answer: Mechanism of development of the disease Predisposing factors correct answer: Tendencies that promote development of a disease in an individual Acute disease correct answer: Develops quickly, marked signs, short term e.g. acute appendicitis Chronic disease correct answer: Develops gradually, persist for long time e.g. rheumatoid arthritis Subclinical state correct answer: Pathologic changes occur, no obvious manifestations Latent state correct answer: Inactive infection- includes incubation period of infectious diseases Convalescence correct answer: Period of recovery & return to healthy state Prognosis correct answer: Probability for recovery or for other outcomes Rehabilitation correct answer: Maximizing function of diseased tissues
Coagulative necrosis correct answer: Cell proteins are denatured, cell outlines preserved ◦Pattern of necrosis caused by ischemia in most tissues ◦Example: myocardial infarction Fat necrosis correct answer: Enzymatic break down of fatty tissue into fatty acids Caseous necrosis correct answer: Form of coagulation necrosis ◦Thick, yellowish "cheesy" substance forms ◦Seen in tuberculous lesions Gangrene correct answer: An area of necrotic tissue that has been invaded by bacteria First line of defense (Non-specific) correct answer: ◦Mechanical barrier; skin and mucous membranes ◦Secretions such as saliva, tears and gastric juices Second line of defense (Non-specific) correct answer: ◦Inflammation ◦Phagocytosis Third line of defense (Specific defense) correct answer: Production of specific antibodies or cell-mediated immunity Acute inflammation is... correct answer: rapid in onset and of short duration, lasting from a few minutes to as long as a few days, ◦It is characterized by fluid exudation and a predominantly neutrophilic leukocyte accumulation.
Chronic inflammation is... correct answer: of longer duration (days to years), and is characterized by influx of lymphocytes and macrophages with fibrosis (scarring) Local effects of inflammation correct answer: :WREPP" Warmth, Redness, Enlargment (swelling, edema), Pain, Possible Loss of function Serous exudate correct answer: Watery, consists primarily of fluid, some proteins, and white blood cells e.g. a skin blister from a burn Fibrinous exudate correct answer: Thick, sticky, high cell and fibrin content e.g. fibrinous pericarditis Purulent exudate correct answer: Pus Pyrexia correct answer: fever Regeneration correct answer: Damaged tissue replaced with cells of the same type Healing by first intention correct answer: ◦Granulation tissue and epithelial growth ◦From epithelium to base of wound ◦Small scar remains Healing by second intention correct answer: ◦From base of wound out to epithelium ◦Large scar remains
Endemic infection correct answer: Continuous transmission within a population Epidemic correct answer: Higher than normal transmission or spread to new geographical area Pandemic correct answer: Transmission has occurred on most continents Chain of Infection correct answer: ◦Infectious agent ◦Reservoirs ◦Portal of exit ◦Means of transmission ◦Portal of entry ◦Susceptible host Portal of exit correct answer: Means by which the agent leaves the reservoir e.g. blood, saliva, feces Mode of transmission correct answer: Method by which the agent reaches new susceptible host Indirect contact correct answer: involves intermediary object or organism Droplet transmission correct answer: Respiratory or salivary secretions are expelled from infected individual Vector borne transmission correct answer: Insect or animal is an intermediate host
Pathogenicity correct answer: The capacity of a microbe to cause disease Virulence correct answer: Degree of pathogenicity Incubation period;Time between entry of organism into the body and appearance of clinical signs of disease correct answer: Septicemia correct answer: pathogens circulating and reproducing in bloodstream- systemic spread, may be life threatening Bacteremia correct answer: bacteria in blood in small numbers for a short period of time Toxemia correct answer: presence of toxins in blood Viremia correct answer: presence of viruses in blood Number of epidermis layers correct answer: 5 Macules correct answer: flat lesions less than 1 cm. Papules correct answer: elevated lesions less than 1 cm. Nodules correct answer: solid, elevated, larger than 1 cm. Wheals correct answer: ex. Mosquito bite Urticaria correct answer: (hives) wheals that come together
Cranial nerve(s) that coordinate eye movement correct answer: 3,4, and 6 Lacrimal glands secrete.... correct answer: tears Pupil correct answer: black circular opening that lets light in Iris correct answer: pigmented area around pupil Cornea correct answer: clear dome over pupil and iris Sclera correct answer: white part of the eye Number of layers in the eyeball correct answer: 3 The outer layer of the eye contains... correct answer: the sclera and the cornea Uvea correct answer: the middle layer of the eye Inner layer of the eye correct answer: the retina 3 major components of the endocrine system correct answer: glands, hormones, and receptors Positive feedback system effects correct answer: to amplify or accentuate Negative feedback system effects correct answer: to control and stabilize
Growth hormone (GH) is also called... correct answer: somatotropin In adults, growth hormone... correct answer: helps maintain healthy muscle and bone mass Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) correct answer: promotes the production of cortisol in the adrenal cortex Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) correct answer: helps to regulate the body's thyroid Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) correct answer: Helps to regulate water balance in the body by promoting water reabsorption and reducing urine output the hypothalamus produces... correct answer: releasing and inhibiting hormones (Thyrotrophic-releasing hormone, growth-hormone-releasing hormone, etc.) Anterior pituitary secretes... correct answer: Growth hormone, adrenocorticotropic (ACTH), prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Posterior pituitary secretes... correct answer: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), and Oxytocin
- Protein and fats are converted to glucose if needed Pancreas correct answer: Endocrine gland that secretes insulin via beta cells Anorexia correct answer: An emotional disorder characterized by an obsessive desire to lose weight by refusing to eat. Bulimia correct answer: Distorted body image and obsessive desire to lose weight. Binge eating followed by depression and then purging. Hematemesis correct answer: the vomiting of blood Projectile vomitus correct answer: Projectile vomiting that is sudden, usually without nausea, and is propelled a distance Achlorhydria correct answer: absence of hydrochloric acid is the gastric secretions; predisposes patient to malignancy Malabsorption syndrome correct answer: Intestine can't adequately absorb certain nutrients into the bloodstream (i.e. Celiac disease) Dysphagia correct answer: Difficulty or discomfort swallowing Causes of dysphagia correct answer: • Fibrosis - scar tissue contracts the esophagus
- Compression - tumor may be impeding pathway
- Diverticulum - undigested food in pouch obstructs the esophagus
Hiatal hernia correct answer: a stomach section protrudes upward through an opening in the diaphragm toward the lung GERD correct answer: Chyme periodically backs up from the stomach into the esophagus PUD correct answer: Peptic Ulcer Disease Lesion affecting the lining of the stomach or duodenum
- Vary in severity from superficial erosions to complete penetration through the GI tract wall Pyloric stenosis correct answer: Narrowing and obstruction of the pyloric sphincter
- Sphincter muscle fibers become thick and stiff, making it difficult for the stomach to empty food into the small intestine Cholelithiasis correct answer: Formation of gallstones Cholecystitis correct answer: inflammation of the gallbladder Choledocholithiasis correct answer: obstruction of the biliary tract by gallstones Cholangitis correct answer: inflammation related to infection of bile ducts Jaundice cause correct answer: too much bilirubin, the yellow pigment that is formed by the breakdown of dead red blood cells in the liver. Normally, the liver gets rid of bilirubin.
Intrahepatic jaundice can be caused by... correct answer: disease or damage to liver cells (i.e. hepatitis, cirrhosis) Posthepatic jaundice is cased by.... correct answer: obstruction of bile flow into the gallbladder or duodenum Vaccine-preventable hepatitis includes... correct answer: Hep A & B Viral hepatitis stages correct answer: • Preicteric stage
- Icteric stage
- Posticteric stage Icteric stage of viral hepatitis correct answer: • onset of jaundice
- stools light in color, darker urine
- liver tender and enlarged, mild aching pain Hepatitis A correct answer: • transmitted by fecal-oral route
- Self-limiting infection
- no carrier or chronic state
- vaccine available Hepatitis B correct answer: • common in HIV patients
- there is a carrier state
- transmission primarily by infected blood, sometimes from sexual transmission Hepatitis C correct answer: • most commonly transmitted by blood transfusion
- there is a carrier state
- increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma Cirrhosis correct answer: chronic, progressive, irreversible, diffuse damage to the liver resulting in decreased liver function Esophageal varices correct answer: abnormal, enlarged veins in the esophagus Cause of esophageal varices correct answer: In order to get around a blockage in a larger vessel, blood flows into smaller vessels. These smaller vessels aren't designed to carry large amounts of blood. Celiac disease correct answer: An inherited, autoimmune, malabsorption disorder leading to gluten intolerance Crohn's disease correct answer: Slow-developing, progressive condition involving inflammation and ulceration of the intestinal wall Ulcerative colitis correct answer: Progressive condition where inflammation causes epithelium loss, surface erosion, and ulceration that begins in the rectum and extends to the entire colon. Treatment of ulcerative colitis is aimed at.... correct answer: suppressing the immune system Inflammatory bowel disease correct answer: Chronic inflammation of the GI tract
- Includes Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis
Arteriosclerosis correct answer: the thickening, hardening and loss of elasticity of the walls of arteries Atherosclerosis correct answer: a disease of the arteries characterized by the deposition of plaques of fatty material on their inner walls Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) correct answer: refers to any abnormality in the arteries or veins outside the heart Pluripotential stem cells arise in the bone marrow, and differentiate into... correct answer: RBCs, WBCs, and platelets 3 main steps in blood clotting correct answer: 1. Immediate response - vasoconstriction
- Thrombocytes form a platelet plug
- Clot formation - fibrin mesh formed A person with O blood type can receive what type(s) of blood? correct answer: O Universal donor A person with A blood type can receive what type(s) of blood? correct answer: A or O A person with B blood type can receive what type(s) of blood? correct answer: B or O A person with AB blood type can receive what type(s) of blood? correct answer: A, B, AB, or O
Cause of aplastic anemia correct answer: Bone marrow damage or failure Effects of aplastic anemia correct answer: Excessive bleeding and multiple infections Cause of sickle cell anemia correct answer: Recessive inheritance Effects of sickle cell anemia correct answer: Painful crises with multiple infarctions Iron deficiency anemia causes correct answer: multiple causes from diet to liver disease to chronic bleeding Megaloblastic (pernicious) anemia correct answer: lots of immature RBCs, malabsorption, inflammatory conditions, autoimmune reaction Hemophilia correct answer: a condition in which the ability of the blood to clot is severely reduced, causing the sufferer to bleed severely from even a slight injury. The condition is typically caused by a hereditary lack of a coagulation factor Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) correct answer: characterized by the widespread activation of the clotting cascade that results in the formation of blood clots in the small blood vessels
