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Nurs 302 Final Exam – Pathophysiology- 496 Questions- With Complete Solutions
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Atrophy correct answer: Decrease in the size of cells ◦Results in reduced tissue mass Hypertrophy correct answer: Increase in cell size ◦Results in enlarged tissue mass Hyperplasia correct answer: Increased number of cells ◦Resulting in an enlarged tissue mass Metaplasia correct answer: Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type Who ultimately defines health? correct answer: the patient Ischemia correct answer: Reduced blood supply to tissues Hypoxia correct answer: Reduced oxygen supply to the tissue Health correct answer: Dynamic state of physical, mental, and social well-being Disease correct answer: Deviation from the normal state of homeostasis Diagnosis correct answer: Identification of a specific disease
Etiology correct answer: Causative factors in a particular disease Pathogenesis correct answer: Mechanism of development of the disease Predisposing factors correct answer: Tendencies that promote development of a disease in an individual Acute disease correct answer: Develops quickly, marked signs, short term e.g. acute appendicitis Chronic disease correct answer: Develops gradually, persist for long time e.g. rheumatoid arthritis Subclinical state correct answer: Pathologic changes occur, no obvious manifestations Latent state correct answer: Inactive infection- includes incubation period of infectious diseases Convalescence correct answer: Period of recovery & return to healthy state Prognosis correct answer: Probability for recovery or for other outcomes Rehabilitation correct answer: Maximizing function of diseased tissues
Coagulative necrosis correct answer: Cell proteins are denatured, cell outlines preserved ◦Pattern of necrosis caused by ischemia in most tissues ◦Example: myocardial infarction Fat necrosis correct answer: Enzymatic break down of fatty tissue into fatty acids Caseous necrosis correct answer: Form of coagulation necrosis ◦Thick, yellowish "cheesy" substance forms ◦Seen in tuberculous lesions Gangrene correct answer: An area of necrotic tissue that has been invaded by bacteria First line of defense (Non-specific) correct answer: ◦Mechanical barrier; skin and mucous membranes ◦Secretions such as saliva, tears and gastric juices Second line of defense (Non-specific) correct answer: ◦Inflammation ◦Phagocytosis Third line of defense (Specific defense) correct answer: Production of specific antibodies or cell-mediated immunity Acute inflammation is... correct answer: rapid in onset and of short duration, lasting from a few minutes to as long as a few days, ◦It is characterized by fluid exudation and a predominantly neutrophilic leukocyte accumulation.
Chronic inflammation is... correct answer: of longer duration (days to years), and is characterized by influx of lymphocytes and macrophages with fibrosis (scarring) Local effects of inflammation correct answer: :WREPP" Warmth, Redness, Enlargment (swelling, edema), Pain, Possible Loss of function Serous exudate correct answer: Watery, consists primarily of fluid, some proteins, and white blood cells e.g. a skin blister from a burn Fibrinous exudate correct answer: Thick, sticky, high cell and fibrin content e.g. fibrinous pericarditis Purulent exudate correct answer: Pus Pyrexia correct answer: fever Regeneration correct answer: Damaged tissue replaced with cells of the same type Healing by first intention correct answer: ◦Granulation tissue and epithelial growth ◦From epithelium to base of wound ◦Small scar remains Healing by second intention correct answer: ◦From base of wound out to epithelium ◦Large scar remains
Endemic infection correct answer: Continuous transmission within a population Epidemic correct answer: Higher than normal transmission or spread to new geographical area Pandemic correct answer: Transmission has occurred on most continents Chain of Infection correct answer: ◦Infectious agent ◦Reservoirs ◦Portal of exit ◦Means of transmission ◦Portal of entry ◦Susceptible host Portal of exit correct answer: Means by which the agent leaves the reservoir e.g. blood, saliva, feces Mode of transmission correct answer: Method by which the agent reaches new susceptible host Indirect contact correct answer: involves intermediary object or organism Droplet transmission correct answer: Respiratory or salivary secretions are expelled from infected individual Vector borne transmission correct answer: Insect or animal is an intermediate host
Pathogenicity correct answer: The capacity of a microbe to cause disease Virulence correct answer: Degree of pathogenicity Incubation period;Time between entry of organism into the body and appearance of clinical signs of disease correct answer: Septicemia correct answer: pathogens circulating and reproducing in bloodstream- systemic spread, may be life threatening Bacteremia correct answer: bacteria in blood in small numbers for a short period of time Toxemia correct answer: presence of toxins in blood Viremia correct answer: presence of viruses in blood Number of epidermis layers correct answer: 5 Macules correct answer: flat lesions less than 1 cm. Papules correct answer: elevated lesions less than 1 cm. Nodules correct answer: solid, elevated, larger than 1 cm. Wheals correct answer: ex. Mosquito bite Urticaria correct answer: (hives) wheals that come together
Cranial nerve(s) that coordinate eye movement correct answer: 3,4, and 6 Lacrimal glands secrete.... correct answer: tears Pupil correct answer: black circular opening that lets light in Iris correct answer: pigmented area around pupil Cornea correct answer: clear dome over pupil and iris Sclera correct answer: white part of the eye Number of layers in the eyeball correct answer: 3 The outer layer of the eye contains... correct answer: the sclera and the cornea Uvea correct answer: the middle layer of the eye Inner layer of the eye correct answer: the retina 3 major components of the endocrine system correct answer: glands, hormones, and receptors Positive feedback system effects correct answer: to amplify or accentuate Negative feedback system effects correct answer: to control and stabilize
Growth hormone (GH) is also called... correct answer: somatotropin In adults, growth hormone... correct answer: helps maintain healthy muscle and bone mass Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) correct answer: promotes the production of cortisol in the adrenal cortex Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) correct answer: helps to regulate the body's thyroid Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) correct answer: Helps to regulate water balance in the body by promoting water reabsorption and reducing urine output the hypothalamus produces... correct answer: releasing and inhibiting hormones (Thyrotrophic-releasing hormone, growth-hormone-releasing hormone, etc.) Anterior pituitary secretes... correct answer: Growth hormone, adrenocorticotropic (ACTH), prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Posterior pituitary secretes... correct answer: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), and Oxytocin
Hiatal hernia correct answer: a stomach section protrudes upward through an opening in the diaphragm toward the lung GERD correct answer: Chyme periodically backs up from the stomach into the esophagus PUD correct answer: Peptic Ulcer Disease Lesion affecting the lining of the stomach or duodenum
Intrahepatic jaundice can be caused by... correct answer: disease or damage to liver cells (i.e. hepatitis, cirrhosis) Posthepatic jaundice is cased by.... correct answer: obstruction of bile flow into the gallbladder or duodenum Vaccine-preventable hepatitis includes... correct answer: Hep A & B Viral hepatitis stages correct answer: • Preicteric stage
Arteriosclerosis correct answer: the thickening, hardening and loss of elasticity of the walls of arteries Atherosclerosis correct answer: a disease of the arteries characterized by the deposition of plaques of fatty material on their inner walls Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) correct answer: refers to any abnormality in the arteries or veins outside the heart Pluripotential stem cells arise in the bone marrow, and differentiate into... correct answer: RBCs, WBCs, and platelets 3 main steps in blood clotting correct answer: 1. Immediate response - vasoconstriction
Cause of aplastic anemia correct answer: Bone marrow damage or failure Effects of aplastic anemia correct answer: Excessive bleeding and multiple infections Cause of sickle cell anemia correct answer: Recessive inheritance Effects of sickle cell anemia correct answer: Painful crises with multiple infarctions Iron deficiency anemia causes correct answer: multiple causes from diet to liver disease to chronic bleeding Megaloblastic (pernicious) anemia correct answer: lots of immature RBCs, malabsorption, inflammatory conditions, autoimmune reaction Hemophilia correct answer: a condition in which the ability of the blood to clot is severely reduced, causing the sufferer to bleed severely from even a slight injury. The condition is typically caused by a hereditary lack of a coagulation factor Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) correct answer: characterized by the widespread activation of the clotting cascade that results in the formation of blood clots in the small blood vessels