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NURS 300 APPLIED Pharmacology Exam 2 LATEST 2025 WINTER-SPRING SEMESTER BYU 100% CORRECT A, Exams of Pharmacology

Brigham Young University (BYU)Pharmacology

NURS 300 APPLIED Pharmacology Exam 2 LATEST 2025 WINTER-SPRING SEMESTER BYU 100% CORRECT ANSWERS (GRADED A) Primary care - Focuses on improved health outcomes for an entire population by promoting regular health care visits, health education, proper nutrition, maternal/child health care, family planning, immunizations, and control of diseases. - Requires collaboration among health professionals, health care leaders, and community members. - Focuses on health education and nutrition

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NURS 300 APPLIED Pharmacology Exam 2 LATEST 2025 WINTER-
SPRING SEMESTER BYU 100% CORRECT ANSWERS (GRADED A)
Primary care
- Focuses on improved health outcomes for an entire population by promoting regular health
care visits, health education, proper nutrition, maternal/child health care, family planning,
immunizations, and control of diseases.
- Requires collaboration among health professionals, health care leaders, and community
members.
- Focuses on health education and nutrition
Preventive care
-More disease oriented and focused on reducing and controlling risk factors for disease through
activities such as immunization and occupational health programs.
ie. screenings, immunizations, wellness child visits
-Preventive care can occur in primary care settings
Levels of Preventive Care
- Local prevention
- State prevention
- National prevention
Primary Care Workflow
-Practicing strategies to improve quality, reduce costs, and better satisfy the needs of patients
and families
-Incorporating preventive services and self-management support into care
-Empowering clinic staff to implement effective workflow redesign changes
-Developing leadership for change and ongoing quality improvement
School healthcare
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Download NURS 300 APPLIED Pharmacology Exam 2 LATEST 2025 WINTER-SPRING SEMESTER BYU 100% CORRECT A and more Exams Pharmacology in PDF only on Docsity!

NURS 300 APPLIED Pharmacology Exam 2 LATEST 2025 WINTER-

SPRING SEMESTER BYU 100% CORRECT ANSWERS (GRADED A)

Primary care

  • Focuses on improved health outcomes for an entire population by promoting regular health care visits, health education, proper nutrition, maternal/child health care, family planning, immunizations, and control of diseases.
  • Requires collaboration among health professionals, health care leaders, and community members.
  • Focuses on health education and nutrition Preventive care
  • More disease oriented and focused on reducing and controlling risk factors for disease through activities such as immunization and occupational health programs. ie. screenings, immunizations, wellness child visits
  • Preventive care can occur in primary care settings Levels of Preventive Care
  • Local prevention
  • State prevention
  • National prevention Primary Care Workflow
  • Practicing strategies to improve quality, reduce costs, and better satisfy the needs of patients and families
  • Incorporating preventive services and self-management support into care
  • Empowering clinic staff to implement effective workflow redesign changes
  • Developing leadership for change and ongoing quality improvement School healthcare
  • Provides comprehensive care to children, such as flu vaccinations, vision and hearing screening, and emergency care.
  • In many cases they can help families manage a child's chronic illness, such as asthma.
  • The Whole School, Whole Community, Whole Child model is an example of a collaborative approach. Occupational Healthcare
  • Provides individual and workplace assessments to enhance a worker's health and productivity.
  • May also provide health examinations. Healthcare Providers Office
  • Provides general or specialized care, such as for diabetes or cardiovascular disease.
  • Restrictions may occur based on healthcare insurance coverage Nurse-managed clinic
  • Provides healthcare services to a variety of constituents, including medically underserved, rural and urban residents, and school-based clinics
  • Care provided is based on scope of practice Parish Nursing Providing care often to the aging population and those without other access to health care, in local communities where the nurse generally lives.
  • Considered an alternative to usual healthcare services. Community Health Center
  • Provides comprehensive and culturally competent health care services to individuals who may or may not have access to medical care.
  • Services are provided regardless of the individual's ability to pay for service Secondary Care
  • Provided by a specialist or agency on referral by a primary health care provider.
  1. Preventative
  2. Primary
  3. Secondary
  4. Tertiary
  5. Restorative
  6. Continuing health care What are types of acute care? Secondary and Tertiary Examples of preventive and primary care
  7. School health
  8. Occupational health
  9. Physicians' offices
  10. Nurse-managed clinics
  11. Block and parish nursing
  12. Community centers What is an example of Secondary and Tertiary care? Hospitals can be both; depends on what services you are using. ie. ER is secondary, ICU is Tertiary ie. mental health facilities Restorative Care
  • Helps individuals regain maximal functional status and enhances quality of life through promotion of independence and self-care.
  • Usually follows early discharge from hospital ie. patient requires ongoing wound care and activity and exercise management until he recovers enough strength and function following surgery to independently resume normal ADL's ie. spinal chord injury ie. home care

Continuing care

  • For people who have disabilities, who were never functionally independent, or who have a terminal disease. ie. Nursing home, long term care (LTC), assisted living, adult day care ie. Palliative and Hospice care Health promotion programs
  • Reduces incidence of disease
  • Minimizes complications
  • Reduces the need for more expensive resources Discharge Planning
  • Begins upon admission
  • Develops plan for continuing care
  • Determines post-hospital destination
  • Identifies patient needs Restorative Services: Home Care examples
  • Health maintenance, education, illness, prevention, diagnosis and treatment of disease, palliation, rehabilitation
  • Durable medical equipment Restorative Services: Rehabilitation
  • Aimed at enabling people with disabilities to reach and maintain their optimal physical, sensory, intellectual, psychological, and social functional levels
  • Rehab services after acute care include physical, occupational, speech therapy, and social services
  • Rehab settings include rehab institutes with acute care centers, free-standing outpatient settings, and the home Restorative Care: Extended Care
  • Extended care facilities

Health Promotion Model

  • Defines health as a positive, dynamic state, not merely the absence of disease 1. Individual characteristics and experiences including prior related behavior and personal factors (biological, psychological, and sociocultural) lead to behavior specific cognitions and affect.
  1. Prior related behavior include activity-related affect, perceived self-efficacy, perceived benefits of action, and perceived barriers to action while personal factors include interpersonal influences and situational influences and options, demand characteristics, esthetics.
  2. The factors along with immediate competing demands and preferences lead to commitment to a plan of action, which further leads to a health-promoting behavioral outcome. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs (level 1 bottom of pyramid) Physiological Needs, (level 2) Safety and Security, (level 3) Relationships, Love and Affection, (level 4) Self Esteem, (level 5 top of pyramid) Self Actualization Holistic Health Model Attempts to create conditions that promote optimal health Internal Variables Influencing Health Beliefs and Practices
  • Developmental stage
  • Intellectual background
  • Perception of functioning
  • Emotional factors
  • Spiritual Factors External Variables Influencing Health Beliefs and Practices
  • Family role and practices
  • Social determinants of health Health Promotion
  • Helps individuals maintain or enhance their present health. It motivates people to engage in healthy activities such as routine exercise and good nutrition to reach more stable levels of health. Health Education
  • Helps individuals develop greater understanding of their health and how to better manage their health risks
  • Includes providing information on topics such as physical awareness, stress management, and self-responsibility to enable individuals to improve their health. Three levels of prevention
  1. Primary Prevention
  2. Secondary Prevention
  3. Tertiary Prevention Primary Prevention True prevention that lowers the chances that a disease will develop Secondary Prevention Focuses on those who have health problems or illnesses and are at risk for developing complications or worsening conditions Tertiary Prevention Occurs when a defect or disability is permanent or irreversible Risk Factors Variables that increase the vulnerability of an individual or group to an illness or accident
  • Nonmodifiable risk factors
  • Modifiable risk factors
  • Environment

Illness Behavior Involves how people monitor their bodies and define and interpret their symptoms What are variables influencing illness and illness behavior?

  • Internal Variables: perception of illness and nature of illness
  • External Variables: Visibility of symptoms, social group, cultural background, economics, and accessibility to healthcare. Impact of illness on the patient and family
  • behavioral and emotional changes
  • impact on body image
  • impact on self-concept
  • impact on family roles
  • impact on family dynamics Challenges to healthcare
  • Uninsured patients
  • Reducing health care costs while maintaining high-quality care for patients
  • Improving access and coverage for more people
  • Encouraging healthy behaviors
  • Earlier hospital discharges result in more patients needing nursing homes or home care Culturally Congruent Care Based on individual's cultural beliefs, practices, values World view
  • Emic: insider
  • Etic: outsider Health Disparity a particular type of health difference that is closely linked with social, economic, and/or environmental disadvantage

social determinants of health The conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age, shaped by the distribution of money, power, and resources at global, national, and local levels Marginalized Groups Gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender; people of color; people who are physically and/or mentally challenged; and people who are not college educated Intersectionality A research and policy model used to study the complexities of peoples lives and experiences What are the two categories of intersectionality?

  1. Privilege
  2. Oppression Cultural competences or cultural respect Meaningful and useful care strategies based on knowledge of the cultural heritage, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors of those whom they render care Core Measures key quality indicators that help health care institutions improve performance, increase accountability, and reduce costs Five Structures of Campinha-Bacote Model
  3. Cultural awareness - Examine own biases
  4. Cultural Knowledge - Education about diverse groups
  5. Cultural skill - Assessment: both culture & physical
  6. Cultural Encounters - Interactions with diverse patients
  7. Cultural desire - Motivation of HCP to become culturally aware, knowledgeable and skillful in seeking cultural encounters

Nephron Nephron functional unit of kidneys that remove waste products from the blood and play a major role in the regulation of the F&E balance. PVR Post Void Residual- tells you how much urine is left over after the patient voids. Done with an ultrasound. Urinary Retention An accumulation of urine due to the inability of the bladder **common for patient to void small amounts of urine every two to three times per hour due to bladder not being fully emptied during urination Urinary Tract Infection

  • Usually E. coli
  • Results from catheterization or procedure (CAUTI)
  • 4th most common HAI Urinary incontinence Bacteriuria Bacteria in the urine
  • asymptomatic - not infection, no treatment
  • Symptomatic - treat with antibiotic Symptoms of Bacteriuria
  • dysuria
  • urgency
  • frequency
  • incontinence
  • suprapubic tenderness
  • foul-smelling/cloudy urine Symptoms in older adults with UTI
  • Delirium
  • Confusion
  • Fatigue
  • Loss of appetite
  • Mental status changes
  • Falls How are UTI's characterized?
  • By location **Upper (kidney) **Lower (bladder, urethra) At what age do kids start to gain control of their bladder? Around 2 - 3 years old Urinary Treatment Assessment
  • Through patient's eyes (problem, treatment)
  • Self care ability
  • Cultural considerations
  • Health literacy (using terminology that is easy to understand)
  • Nursing history **Pattern of urination ** Symptoms of urinary alterations Functional Incontinence
  • Incontinence that is due to something that is outside of the urinary tract (ie. cognitive impairment, inability to walk, lack of care from caregiver)

Malpractice: type of negligence, RN did not carry out duty of care and injury to pt occurred (ie PU or fall) Beginning and end-of-life nursing issues

  • Termination of pregnancy
  • Death with dignity or physician-assisted suicide Curriculum era 1900 - 1940s Research era 1950 - 1970s Graduate education era 1950 - 1970s Theory Era 1980 - 1990s Theory utilization era 2000s-today Types of theories
  1. Grand: abstract, broad in scope, complex
  2. Middle-range: Limited in scope and less abstract
  3. Practice: Narrow in scope and focused
  4. Descriptive: Describe phenomena and identify circumstances in which phenomena occur
  5. Prescriptive: Address nursing interventions for a phenomenon, guide practice change, and predict consequences

Theory-Based Nursing Practice Generates nursing knowledge for use in practice, thus supporting EBP Shared Theories

  • Borrowed or interdisciplinary
  • Explains phenomenon specific to the discipline that developed the theory
  • Several nursing theories are based on systems theory
  • Input/output
  • Feedback
  • Content Nursing theories provide nurses with perspectives from which to: analyze patient data Nightingales Environmental Theory
  • Environment as the focus of nursing care
  • Grand theory Peplau's Interpersonal Theory
  • Focus on interpersonal relations between nurse, patient, and patient's family
  • Phases: preorientation, orientation, working, resolution
  • Middle-range theory Orem's Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory
  • Focuses on patient's self-care needs
  • Continually assess how much self-care a patient is able to perform
  • Grand theory Leininger's Culture Care Theory
  • Theory of cultural care diversity and universality
  • Integrates patient's cultural traditions, values, and beliefs into care plans
  • Middle-range theory

C = Comparison of interest O = Outcome T = Time Five phases of Translation Research Phase 1. Testing safety ad efficacy in a small group of human subjects Phase 2 & 3: Testing safety and efficacy in a larger group of human subjects and testing for comparison to standard treatment Phase 4: translation to practice Phase 5. Population level outcomes; translation to community Scientific Method

  • Foundation of research
  • Most reliable and objective means of acquiring and conducting research and gaining knowledge
  • A step by step process to ensure that findings from a study are valid, reliable, and generalizable to a similar group of subjects ***Study supports validity, reliability, and generalizability of the data Quantitative Research
  • Experimental
  • Nonexperimental research
  • Surveys
  • Evaluation research Qualitative Research
  • Ethnography
  • Phenomenology
  • Grounded theory Nursing Proccess
  1. Assessment
  2. Diagnosis
  1. Planning
  2. Implementation
  3. Evaluation REFLECT R = Recalling events E = Examine your responses F = Feelings L = Learn from the experience E = Exploring options - what could have been done differently C = Creating a plan T = Time to complete plan Levels of Critical Thinking Level one: Basic Level two: Complex Level three: Commitment Steps of Scientific Method
  4. Identify Problem
  5. Collecting Data
  6. Form hypothesis
  7. Test hypothesis
  8. Evaluate results ADPIE Assessment Diagnosis Planning Implementation Evaluation Proprioception