


















































































Study with the several resources on Docsity
Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan
Prepare for your exams
Study with the several resources on Docsity
Earn points to download
Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan
Community
Ask the community for help and clear up your study doubts
Discover the best universities in your country according to Docsity users
Free resources
Download our free guides on studying techniques, anxiety management strategies, and thesis advice from Docsity tutors
NURS 2550 FINAL EXAM questions and answers 2025
Typology: Exams
1 / 90
This page cannot be seen from the preview
Don't miss anything!
epidemiology - answer study of disease and how it spreads incidence - answer number of new cases over a certain period of time -often expressed as rate (# new cases/population at risk) prevalence - answer number of cases within a population point prevalence - answer number of cases within a population at a given point in time period prevalence - answer number of cases within a population over a given time period (e.g., one year) endemic - answer constant presence in a population epidemic - answer increase number of cases in geographic clusters pandemic - answer more than one continent or worldwide morbidity - answer cases of illness in a given time
mortality - answer total number of deaths in a population case fatality rate - answer number of deaths among cases mixed (polymicrobial) infection - answer several pathogens at infection site secondary/opportunistic infection - answer caused by a second pathogen endogenous infection - answer patient's own flora exogenous infection - answer source outside the body local pattern of infection - answer pathogen remains confined to specific place focal pattern of infection - answer breaks loose and spreads from localized site to other tissues systemic pattern of infection - answer spreads to several sites and different body fluids patterns of disease - answer -incubation period -prodromal period -illness -period of decline -period of convalescence incubation period - answer no signs or symptoms
human types of carriers - answer -asymptomatic/subclinical (covid, gonorrhea) -incubation carriers (measles) -convalescent carriers (passing it on near end of recovery) -chronic (passing it on for a year or longer) -passive carriers (inanimate object) typhoid mary - answer A historical example (early 1900's) of a woman who was a chronic carrier of Salmonella typhi. Over the course of her infection, she was responsible for at least 10 outbreaks in New York. nosocromial infections - answer infectious diseases acquired in a health-care facility -1 in 12 develop it (1 in 8 in ICU) -proportion of HAI caused by antimicrobial-resistant organisms increasing -9% of infections -MRSA most common HAI example - answer Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) reservoir of MRSA - answer humans (often colonizes skin and nose) transmission of MRSA - answer in hospitals via direct contact and fomites symptoms and complications of MRSA - answer -infections in wounds, insertion sites of tubing (IV, catheter)
-may spread to blood (septicemia), joints (septic arthritis), lungs (pneumonia), bones (osteomyelitis), heart (endocarditis), etc. community acquired infection (CAI) - answer infection acquired in the community/outside of the healthcare facilities example of CAI - answer measles pathogen of measles - answer virus reservoir of measles - answer humans transmission of measles - answer airborne and droplet beginning 1 day before prodromal period symptoms of measles - answer rash, fever, cough, running nose complications of measles - answer otitis media, pneumonia, encephalitis, preterm birth or low birth weight vulnerable population of measles - answer unimmunized, infants, pregnant, chronically ill herd immunity - answer The resistance of a group to an attack by a disease to which a large proportion of the members of the group are immune pathogenicity - answer disease causing virulence - answer severity of disease/ ability to damage host
-destroy parts of host cells or inhibit metabolic functions (e.g., botulism, tetanus) endotoxins - answer -lipid portion (lipopolysaccharide) of cell wall of gram neg bacteria -released when cell wall undergoes lysis -produce fever, inflammation, hemorrhage, diarrhea endotoxins and the pyrogenic response - answer 1.macrophage ingests a gram-neg bacterium
changing ecosystems (factors about the environment that increase disease) - answer -altered reservoirs and vectors -climate change- droughts, floods, extreme weather factors about the environment that increase disease - answer - physical -changing ecosystems -sanitary and housing conditions -food and water supplies with waste disposal -industrial land use and economic development -public health and health care infrastructure -political will to meet population needs social determinants of health - answer stronger predictors of health than behaviours such as diet, physical activity, smoking, and alcohol use organism of tuberculosis - answer mycobacterium tuberculosis -cell wall contains Ig. amt mycolic acids (lipids) and waxes, decreasing ability of macrophages to destroy (can survive inside) -eventually macrophages burst and release bacilli, immune cells contribute to formation of caseous centre and calcification of tubercle -very slow to replicate importance of tuberculosis - answer -resistant to dehydration and cell lysis -resists disinfectants, many antimicrobial drugs reservoir of tuberculosis - answer humans
mantoux skin test: five results - answer 1. active tb- person showing s/s
candida auris and climate change - answer -raising temp, selects fungal clades that can reproduce at avian and mammalian basal temps -gained thermotolerance and salinity tolerance as a result on climate change on wetland ecosystem -may have been transplanted by birds across globe to humans -farming, for ex, provide interspecies transmission -eventually led to health care environments impact of climate change on pathogens and reservoirs - answer - pathogen survival -arthropod vector survival and reproduction -contamination of water -abundance of reservoir hosts impact of climate change on transmission and vulnerable hosts - answer -risk to economy (especially low and middle-income countries) -increases frequency of conflicts and food insecurity, reduces disease control + public health systems, contributes to increasing densities of infectious agents -drives economic or refugee migration examples of impact of climate change on disease - answer -tics and mosquitos survive better in warmer temps -cholera: poor access to clean water=locals infected from sewage in drinking water primary prevention of disease - answer preventing disease from occurring
zika virus (social determinants of health) - answer -more common in low income households (no screens on windows, etc.) -disability, social safety net, gender, early life, social exclusion, unemployment and job security (characteristic look and head shape) dengue fever reservoir - answer humans, monkeys -4 serotypes: DENV1 - DENV dengue fever portal of exit, transmission and portal of entry - answer -vector, mosquito, bites infected human and transmits for life -no human to human dengue fever - answer milder viral disease -rarely fatal and will get lifetime immunity from the specific serotype dengue hemorrhagic fever symptoms - answer -3-7 days after onset of dengue fever -temp decrease, irritability, persistent vomiting, sever abdominal pain, bleeding, respiratory disease, organ failure dengue hemorrhagic fever fatality - answer > 20% without treatment, 1% with medical care dengue hemorrhagic fever treatment - answer none dengue hemorrhagic fever risk factors/vulnerable hosts - answer - antibodies from previous infection -children <12 yrs
zoonotic diseases - answer exogenous disease from animal source climate change and zoonotic diseases - answer -changing habitats of vectors and reservoirs, ideal conditions for survival and breeding -animals driven closer to humans (fire) -majority of emerging diseases are from animals rabies reservoir - answer animals (raccoons, foxes, skunks, bats) rabies portal of exit - answer saliva rabies portal of entry - answer vis skin break during bite (parenteral) or contact with mucous membranes rabies pathogenesis - answer -incubation: 1-2 months. may be up to 7 yrs -multiplies locally in skin and skeletal muscle tissue -human immune system not triggered at low levels -enters peripheral nerves though neuromuscular junction to CNS -viral multiplication within brain- diverse sites throughout body inducing salivary glands prodromal symptoms of rabies - answer -fever, vomiting, fatigue furious rabies - answer -agitation, hydrophobia, delirium, hyperactivity, seizures -death within few days paralytic rabies - answer -20% of cases -paralysis from the site outward
-contact with infected feces, animals, fomites -high number of organisms (infectious dose) to cause disease salmonellosis incubation - answer 12-72 hrs -invade intestinal mucosa, multiply, occasionally spread to blood, lymph, and other organs salmonellosis symptoms - answer -moderate fever, nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea -lasts 5-7 days -shed bacteria in stool for up to 6 mos. botulism - answer -clostridium botulinum: gram positive, anaerobic, rod shaped bacteria -spores enhance survival in soil -neurotoxin produced in an anaerobic environment -adults have competitive flora however infants at risk -one of most potent microbial toxins known salmonella is has gram - answer negative rods, over 2000 serotypes botulism food sources - answer present of veggies or meat -pressure cooking does not reach sufficient pressure or temp to kill -low-acid canning removes oxygen, ideal conditions for growth -room temp storage favours spore germination and growth -can be on improperly prepared smoked meat, cheeses, fish -produces neurotoxin in these environments
botulism incubation - answer 12-36 hrs -toxin prevents uptake of ACh at neuromuscular junction- blocks excitatory impulses- no muscle innervation botulism symptoms - answer -begins with double vision, difficulty speaking, swallowing, weakness -descending muscular paralysis and respiratory compromise -death from resp failure botulism treatment - answer give antitoxin E coli - answer Escherichia coli -gram neg, rod shaped bacteria -many harmless to normal biota most virulent E coli - answer -enterohemorrhagic E coli (EHEC) aka shiga toxin-producing E coli (STEC): most commonly 0157:H -produces shiga toxin responsible for bloody diarrhea E coli reservoir - answer -guts of ruminant animals (cattle, goats, sheep, deer, and elk) E coli incubation - answer 1-10 days E coli transmission - answer -fecal-oral, contaminated food, milk, water E coli symptoms - answer -some show minimal or no illness (carriers)
neonatal tetanus - answer -infected umbilical stump or circumcision -use of mud, ashes, cow or rat feces Mortality in neonatal Tetanus - answer >90% tetanus incubation - answer 3-21 days tetanus symptoms - answer -toxin interferes with release of neurotransmitters, blocks inhibitory impulses- unopposed muscle contraction -convulsive spasms of skeletal muscles, "lockjaw", arched back, bones may break from spasms -spasm of resp muscles tetanus fatality - answer 10%, 50-60% in developing world tetanus treatment - answer human tetanus immune globulin, muscle relaxants, sedatives, wound debridement, mechanical ventilation human causes of water contamination - answer -incorrect use of fertilizers and pesticides -leaking septic systems -improper waste disposal/landfills -chemical spills natural sources of water contamination - answer -animal fecal contaminants -excess iron, manganese, arsenic
most common pathogens in groundwater - answer -shigella -hep a -norovirus -giardia intestinalis -campylobacter -salmonella -E. coli shigella dysenteriae - answer one of 4 genus shigella -gram neg rods, nonmotile, nonencapsulated -cause dysentery (shigellosis) -few as 10 bacilli to cause disease (resistant to stomach acid) -produces exotoxin (shiga toxin) shigella dysenteriae reservoir - answer intestinal tract of humans, apes shigella dysenteriae transmission - answer -direct or indirect fecal- oral transmission (contaminated hands, chronic carrier status for > weeks) -fecally contaminated food and water -flies shigella dysenteriae risk factors - answer -malnutrition -immunocompromised -men who have sex w/ men -children -crowded conditions, poor sanitation, unsafe water supply