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A concise overview of various antibiotic classes, their mechanisms of action, spectrum of activity, common uses, and adverse effects. It covers key concepts such as bacterial resistance, empiric therapy, and the differences between bactericidal and bacteriostatic antibiotics. The document also includes specific examples of antibiotics within each class, such as sulfonamides, penicillins, cephalosporins, macrolides, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, and fluoroquinolones. It is designed to help students understand the fundamental principles of antibiotic pharmacology and their clinical applications, focusing on the practical aspects of antibiotic use in treating bacterial infections. It also highlights important considerations such as drug interactions and contraindications, making it a valuable resource for healthcare professionals and students alike. Structured to facilitate quick review and comprehension of essential pharmacological information.
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antibiotics drugs that have the ability to destroy or interfere with the development of bacteria bacteria resistance the ability of some bacteria to resist the actions of antibiotics. bactericidal antibiotics that work by killing the bacteria
bacteriostatic antibiotics that do not actually kill bacteria, but only inhibit their growth. empiric therapy the administration of antibiotics based on the practitioner’s judgment of pathogens most likely to be causing an apparent infection to avoid treatment delay before specific culture information has been obtained list the four general mechanism by which antibiotics generally work to rid the body of infection.
common gram- positive bacteria staphylococcus aureus streptococcus pyogenes enterococcus faecalis common gram-negative bacteria pseudomonas aeruginosa klebsiella pneumoniae escherichia coli enterobacter species what does mrsa stand for? methicillin-resistance staphylococcus aureus
examples of sulfonamides sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim examples of penicillin penicillin, cloxacillin, amoxicillin, or piperacillin/tazobactam examples of cephalosporin cephalexin, cefoxitin, ceftazidime, cefepime, or ceftaroline examples of macrolides erythromycin, azithromycin, or clarithromycin examples of tetracycline doxycycline, minocycline, or tigecycline
fifth generation has the broadest covering gram positive (including mrsa) and gram negative. common adverse and toxic effects of sulfonamides nausea, vomiting, diarrhea. a more serious adverse effects is in the presence of dehydration the sulfonamide can crystalize in the kidney and cause damage. allergic reactions are relatively common. allergic reaction includes rash, itching, sensitivity to the sun. there is also risk of stevens-johnson syndrome a serious, sometimes fatal skin reaction. they should also not be used in pregnant women at term or infants younger than 2 months. common adverse and toxic effects of penicillins nausea and rashes. diarrhea is common with oral administration. allergy to penicillins. this is the drug class with the highest incidence of drug allergy.
common adverse and toxic effects of cephalosporins mild diarrhea, abdominal cramps, rash, itching, redness, and edema. cross sensitivity to penicillin in 1-4% of patients. common adverse and toxic effects of macrolides nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea and minor skin rashes. common adverse and toxic effects of aminoglycosides nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea nephro and ototoxicity aminoglycosides are also pregnancy category d and have been shown to cause hearing loss and deafness in the fetus.
common uses for amoxicillin ear infections, sinusitis, respiratory and skin infections, urinary tract infections common uses for ceftazidime meningitis caused by pseudomonas (gram-negative) common uses for azithromycin upper respiratory tract infection common uses for doxycycline acne
common uses for tobramycin serious gram-negative infections common uses for ciprofloxacin they are indicated for urinary tract infections, respiratory, abdominal, bone and soft tissue infections. define what a health care associated infection is. defined as an infection acquired during the course of receiving treatment for another condition in a health care institution. what causes strep throat? streptococcus pyogenes where are anaerobic bacteria commonly found
amoxicillin use ear infections cloxacillin use resistant staph infections penicillin use strep throat piperacillin/tazobactam use sepsis erythromycin least tolerated antibiotic in its drug class macrolides
inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria generally bacteriostatic, can be bactericidal against some bacterial tobramycin acts against pseudomonas which class of antibiotics interacts with calcium? tetracyclines aminoglycosides poor oral absorption what pregnancy class do aminoglycosides belong to class d fluroquinolones
sulfonamide moa bacteriostatic: prevent bacteria from making folic acid sulfonamides spectrum broad spectrum gram + and - sulfonamides ae n/v/d dehydration -> crystallize in kideny risk of allergy, sjs not used in pregnant women or infants sulfonamides drug interactions warfarin, sulfonylureas (increase risk of hypoglycemia)
penicillins moa bactericidal: inhibit synthesis of bacterial cell wall penicillins spectrum of activity natural penicillins - + aminopenicillins - +/ common - extended spectrum penicillins - serious - penicillins drug interactions warfarin, oral contraceptives combination with aminoglycosides cephalosporins moa bactericidal, cell wall synthesis
