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NURS 251 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS with 100% VERIFIED SOLUTIONS, Exams of Nursing

NURS 251 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS with 100% VERIFIED SOLUTIONS

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2023/2024

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NURS 251 EXAM 2
QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS with 100%
VERIFIED SOLUTIONS
skull
-rigid box that protects brain
-includes bones of cranial and face
-supported by cervical vertebra
frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
What are the cranial bones?
sutures
adjacent cranial bones mesh at these (kids need these or else brain
cannot grow)
coronal, sagittal, lambdoid
What are the 3 sutures?
CV XI
What cranial nerve are the sternomastoid and trapezius innervated by?
sternomastoid
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NURS 251 EXAM 2

QUESTIONS AND

ANSWERS with 100%

VERIFIED SOLUTIONS

skull

  • rigid box that protects brain
  • includes bones of cranial and face
  • supported by cervical vertebra frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal What are the cranial bones? sutures adjacent cranial bones mesh at these (kids need these or else brain cannot grow) coronal, sagittal, lambdoid What are the 3 sutures? CV XI What cranial nerve are the sternomastoid and trapezius innervated by? sternomastoid

Which neck muscle enables head rotation and flexion and divides each side of neck into 2 triangles (anterior and posterior triangles)? trapezius (2 trap muscles) Which neck muscle moves shoulders and extends and turns head? Lymphatic system

  • major part of the immune system
  • detects and eliminates foreign substances from body
  • rich supply of lymph nodes
  • lymphatic drainage head and neck Where is the greatest supply of lymph nodes? lymphatic drainage
  • helps to prevent potentially harmful substances from entering the circulation preauricular lymph node that is in front of ear; 1 posterior auricular (mastoid) lymph node superficial to mastoid process; 2

Should you look for areas of infection above or below swollen lymph nodes? jugulodigastric lymph node that is under the angle of the mandible; 6 superficial cervical lymph node that is overlying the sternomastoid muscle; 7 deep cervical lymph node that is deep under sternomastoid muscle; 8 posterior cervical

  • lymph node that is in the posterior triangle along edge of trapezius muscle; 9

supraclavicular lymph node just above and behind clavicle, at sternomastoid muscle sutures and fontanels What are the bones of the neonatal skull separated by? fontanels

  • spaces in the neonatal skull where sutures intersect soft spots
  • membrane covered and allow for growth of brain during first year in the neonatal skull; gradually ossify 1 - 2 months When does the triangle-shaped posterior fontanel close? 9 months to 2 years When does the diamond-shaped anterior fontanel close? head size
  • difficult to palpate; check for enlargement, consistency, symmetry, and presence of nodules chloasma
  • during 2nd trimester in a pregnant female, this may appear on face
  • blotchy, hyper pigmented area over cheeks and forehead that fades after delivery thyroid gland
  • what may be palpable normally during pregnancy? kyphosis thoracic region lordosis lumbar region hydrocephalus
  • abnormal finding in pediatrics
  • obstruction of drainage of cerebrospinal fluid that results in excessive accumulation, increasing intracranial pressure, and enlargement of the head down syndrome
  • most common chromosomal abnormality with characteristic facial abnormalities plagiocephaly
  • positional or deformational due to sleeping position
  • head gets flat on side from laying in position (no hair) Graves Disease
  • thyroid disorder
  • goiter, eyelid retraction, exophthalmos hypothyroidism
  • thyroid disorder
  • puffy edematous face
  • periorbital edema
  • coarse facial features
  • coarse hair and eyebrows Cushing syndrome
  • classic "mask like" appearance, elevated eyebrows, staring gaze, oily skin and drooling due to dopamine deficiency cachectic appearance
  • sunken eyes, hollow cheeks, and defeated expression that accompanies chronic wasting diseases canthus corner of eye, angle where lids meet inner canthus
  • caruncle is small fleshy mass containing sebaceous glands conjuctiva transparent protective covering of eye

cornea

  • covers and protects the iris and pupil lacrimal apparatus
  • provides irrigation to the eye, crying sclera 6 how many muscles attach eyeball to its orbit and direct eye to points of a person's interest? superior, inferior, lateral, medial What are the 4 rectus (straight) muscles that attach eyeball to orbit? superior and inferior
  • visual reflex direction of eye toward an object attracting a person's attention
  • image fixed in center of visual field accommodation
  • adaptation of eye for near vision
  • accomplished by increasing curvature of lens through movement of ciliary muscles
  • convergence of the axes of the eyeballs
  • pupillary constriction
  • move pencil towards person's nose (pupils should get smaller -- you'll see muscles move inward) presbyopia
  • lens loses elasticity, becoming hard and glasslike, which decreases ability to change shape to accommodate for near vision
  • need to read something at distance cataracts
  • leading cause of blindness worldwide (80% preventable/curable with surgery)
  • transparent fibers in eyes get thickened and yellow, after removal people can see glaucoma
  • incidence increases with age
  • increased intraocular pressure
  • African Americans 3-6x more likely to develop than Caucasians
  • family history causes risk Snellen Alphabet Chart
  • most commonly used and accurate measure of visual acuity
  • if person is unable to see even largest letters, shorten distance to chart until person sees it and record that distance
  • 1st number is what you see at, 2nd number is what the normal person can see at (20/15: you can see at 20 feet, normal person can see at 15 feet..better vision than average person) confrontation test
  • screens for loss of peripheral vision
  • patient covers up one eye and looks straight ahead, provider moves hand around and asks if they can see diagnostic positions test
  • leading patient through 6 cardinal positions of gaze
  • they follow movement of penlight or object proceeding clockwise
  • assess for potential EOM muscle weakness, nystagmus, or lid lag blink reflex
  • testing light perception in newborns
  • neonate blinks in response to bright light
  • form of strabismus where the eye turns inward
  • assymetric corneal light reflex exotropia
  • form of strabismus where the eye turns outward
  • assymetric corneal light reflex conductive hearing loss
  • mechanical dysfunction of external or middle ear
  • a lot of time it is just because something is blocking it (earwax) sensorineural (or perceptive) hearing loss
  • signifies pathology of inner ear, cranial nerve VIII, or auditory areas of cerebral cortex
  • actual problem related to CV VIII otosclerosis
  • common cause of conductive hearing loss in young adults between ages 20- 40
  • gradual hardening that causes footplate of stapes to become fixed in oval window Presbycusis
  • type of hearing loss that occurs with aging, even in people living in a quiet environment otitis media (ear infection)
  • obstruction of Eustachian tube or passage of nasopharyngeal secretions into middle ear
  • persistent effusion may lead to hearing loss
  • risk factors: absence of breastfeeding in first 3 months of life, preterm birth, daycare, male sex, pacifier use, bottle-feeding up and back How should you pull the pinna on an adult or older child? down and back How should you pull the pinna on an infant or child under 3? maxillary and ethmoid What sinuses are present at birth? sphenoid What sinus develops after puberty? pregnant woman

1+ visible, 2+ halfway between pillars and uvula, 3+ touching uvula, 4+ touching each other

  • 1+ or 2+ is healthy nose breathers
  • most newborns are obligate ______ _______ choanal atresia
  • back of the nasal passage is blocked by abnormal bony or soft tissue epistaxis nosebleed sinusitis inflamed sinuses seasonal allergic rhinitis hay fever nasal polyps painless benign growth on lining of nose or sinuses gingivitis form of gum disease that causes inflamed gums gingival hyperplasia
  • overgrowth of gum tissue around the teeth suprasternal notch
  • U shaped depression just above sternum between clavicles

sternum Manubriosternal angle

  • called "Angle of Louis", an articulation of manubrium and sternum, and continuous with second rib Costal angle
  • the right and left costal margins form an angle where they meet at xiphoid process