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NURS 231 Final Exam (Version-2, Latest-
2024/2025) NURS 231 Pathophysiology Final
Exam / NURS231 Pathophysiology Final Exam:
Portage Learning |100 % Correct Q & A
Question 1
0 / 4 pts
Multiple Choice: You are seeing a patient in your clinic who recently suffered a TIA. Recent diagnostic tests revealed that he has atrial fibrillation. You decide to put him on a blood thinner to prevent a future neurologic event. This would be an example of: Primary prevention You Answered Secondary prevention Correct Answer Tertiary prevention
Question 2
4 / 4 pts
True or False: Peristaltic movements occur in two directions. True Correct! False Peristaltic movements occur in one direction.
Question 3
Not yet graded / 4 pts
You are reading results from a recent blood panel for Susan, a 48-year-old female. Her hemoglobin levels are 7 g/dL. Would this be considered a normal or abnormal value? Your Answer: Normal Abnormal. Normal Hemoglobin levels for a female is 12-15 g/dL.
Question 4
4 / 4 pts
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is synthesized in the kidney and regulates the differentiation of red blood cells within bone marrow? 25 - hydroxycholecalciferol Correct! Erythropoietin cholecalciferol
Question 5
Not yet graded / 4 pts
True or False. If false, explain why the statement is false. A malignant neoplasm resembles the cells of the tissues of origin and possesses a slow rate of growth. Your Answer: False. Malignant neoplasm resemblance will differ from tissues of origin False. A benign neoplasm resembles the cells of the tissues of origin and possesses a slow rate of growth. OR
(If False is correctly answered, 3 points should be awarded. Full credit (4 points) should be awarded if False is answered and the statement is corrected properly.)
Question 9
0 / 4 pts
Which of the following would you expect to find if someone has Addison’s Disease? Select all that apply. Correct Answer Decreased cortisol levels You Answered Increased cortisol levels Correct! Hyperpigmentation of the skin You Answered A buffalo hump
Question 10
4 / 4 pts
Multiple Choice: What type of signaling depends on hormones carried in the bloodstream to act on cells throughout the body? Autocrine Correct! Endocrine
Paracrine Synaptic
Question 11 Not yet graded
/ 4 pts
You recently diagnosed your patient with Narcolepsy. You prescribed a low dose of Adderall to treat his daytime sleepiness. What are TWO behavior modifications he should make to control/prevent his symptoms? Your Answer:
- Try to get on a nightly routine schedule
- Avoid food / beverages that cause drowsiness He should practice proper sleep hygiene, avoid sleep deprivation, and practice safety during high-risk activities, e.g. driving. He should take several short naps per day (approximately 15 minutes in length) to help ease the symptom of daytime sleepiness.
Question 12 Not yet graded
/ 4 pts
You are seeing Tom, a 65-year-old male in your office whose chief complaint is severe pain in his right knee. Tom reports that he experiences some stiffness when he first wakes up, but if he walks around for a little bit, the stiffness goes away. Tom likes to be active and is on his feet a lot throughout the day. He reports that by the end of the day he has to take a Tylenol because he cannot tolerate the pain. Would you suspect that Tom has OA or RA? List TWO pieces of evidence that support your diagnosis. Your Answer: If the stiffness goes away with 30 minutes and if he stays active then I would expect it to be OA Tom more than likely has OA. His age of onset is higher. He has unilateral presentation. His stiffness in the morning is relieved quickly by moving around. His pain worsens the longer he is on his feet. (If the correct diagnosis is identified, 3 points should be awarded. Full credit should be given if the correct diagnosis is made with two pieces of supporting evidence.)
Question 13
0 / 4 pts
Multiple Choice:
A triglyceride reading of 175 would be considered: Normal Correct! Borderline high High
Question 16 Not yet graded
/ 4 pts
Your patient has recently been diagnosed with GERD. They have been prescribed a PPI for treatment. List TWO beverages and/or foods they should limit or eliminate from their diet to prevent worsening of symptoms. Your Answer:
- Coffee
- Alcohol Any of the following are correct answers: coffee/caffeine, chocolate, mints, citrus fruits, acidic/spicy foods, or fats.
Question 17 Not yet graded
/ 4 pts
Explain the diagnostic criteria required for an autoimmune disease to be concluded. Your Answer: Because a blood test is generic and nonspecific, there are other factors that go into diagnosing an auto immune disease such as matching lifestyle questions/symptoms to those of the diseases. If the markers from the blood test are in range to a particular disease, then it would be easier to conclude. For instance, someone getting diagnosed with Graves disease may present symptoms related to hyperthyroidism and show low TSH blood results. In order for an autoimmune disorder to be concluded, the following criteria must be met: evidence of an autoimmune reaction, the immunologic findings are not secondary to another condition, and no other identifiable causes are found.
Question 18
0 / 4 pts
Multiple Choice: A patient experiences a seizure that manifests with motor weakness on the right side, a tingling sensation on the right side, and flushing. They have experienced which type of seizure? Correct Answer Focal seizure without impairment of consciousness or awareness Focal seizure with impairment of consciousness or awareness You Answered Generalized tonic/clonic seizure
Question 19
4 / 4 pts
Multiple Choice: An increase in the size of an organ or tissue due to the increase in size of the cells that comprise it is called: Metaplasia Dysplasia Atrophy Correct! Hypertrophy
Question 20
0 / 4 pts
Multiple Choice:
Question 23
4 / 4 pts
Multiple Choice: The transfer of gases between the alveoli and the pulmonary capillaries is called: Correct! Diffusion Perfusion Ventilation
Question 24
0 / 4 pts
Multiple Choice: Each of the following is true of necrosis except: You Answered It sets off an inflammatory immune response. It refers to the death of tissue that is still a part of a living person. Correct Answer It is also referred to as programmed cell death. Gangrenous occurs in wet and dry forms.
Question 25
Not yet graded / 4 pts
True or False. If false, explain why it is false. A physician considers Parkinson’s Disease as a diagnosis when 4/4 hallmark symptoms are present over time. Your Answer: true False, A physician considers Parkinson’s Disease as a diagnosis when 2/4 hallmark symptoms are present over time. (If False is correctly answered, 3 points should be awarded. Full credit (4 points) should be awarded if False is answered and the statement is corrected properly.)
Question 26 Not yet graded
/ 5 pts
Leah is a 25 y/o female who complains of a stuffy nose and sneezing every Spring and Fall. Benadryl makes her sleepy, and it doesn’t really help her nasal congestion. Given the patient’s past medical history and presentation, what is your initial diagnosis? What about her current presentation leads you to this conclusion? Your Answer: allergic rhinitis - due to benadryl not helping with nasal congestion Allergic rhinitis. Sneezing and congestion that present when pollen counts are high leads us to this conclusion. (If the diagnosis is correct, 3.5 points should be awarded. Full credit should be granted if the diagnosis is correct with appropriate supporting evidence.)
Question 27 Not yet graded
/ 5 pts
If constipation occurs as a change from a person’s normal bowel habits, and no new meds have been started, what should you suspect? Your Answer: It is something internally causing an obstruction to GI and affecting bowel movements Colorectal cancer
Question 28 Not yet graded
/ 5 pts
A 75-year-old male is brought to the emergency department by his spouse at 8 pm. The spouse reports that they were cleaning up after dinner at approximately 6:30 pm, and she noticed that
Question 32 Not yet graded
/ 5 pts
Bill and Angela have brought their mom into your office today. They tell you that their mom has experienced dementia for some time now, but they have not been too concerned because, for the most part, she has been able to care for herself, only needing assistance here and there for her daily activities. However, recently things have changed. Her ability to recall recent events has drastically decreased; she is experiencing difficulty with sleep; they’ve noticed some mood changes, and the most alarming thing is that she has started to wander outside of her home. They are concerned for her safety. You suspect the patient has Alzheimer’s. How would you stage the disease process this patient is experiencing? What about her current presentation leads you to this conclusion? Your Answer: Patient has transitioned to late stages of ADL. Moderate Alzheimer’s Disease. Changes in sleep, changes in mood, and wandering episodes are all characteristic of moderate Alzheimer’s. (If the categorization is correct (Moderate Alzheimer’s), 3.5 points should be awarded. Students must include “moderate” in their answer as the outcome is looking for them to correctly categorize the disease state. Full credit can be granted if the categorization is correct with appropriate supporting evidence.)
Question 33
Not yet graded / 5 pts
You are seeing Pam, a 52-year-old female in your office today. She is coming to you after 4 months of struggling with difficulty sleeping and just feeling “down”. When you ask her to describe her symptoms specifically, she states that she feels a sense of guilt over everything, and nothing seems to make her happy. She feels worse in the morning. You suspect Pam is struggling with depression. What type of depression best fits her symptoms? Explain why you came to this conclusion. Your Answer: Guilt depression This would be categorized as melancholic depression. Her feelings of guilt and anhedonia are worse in the morning. (If the categorization is correct (Melancholic depression), 3.5 points should be awarded. Students must include “melancholic” in their answer as the outcome is looking for them to correctly categorize the disease state. Full credit can be granted if the categorization is correct with appropriate supporting evidence.)
Question 34 Not yet graded
/ 5 pts
Bob is a 55 y/o male here for his annual physical exam. He has no current complaints. His BMI is 31, BP 150/90, HR 72, RR 16. He does not smoke, drinks alcohol occasionally, and has a family history of cardiovascular disease. His BP was retaken in the opposite arm and was 155/86. How would you stage Bob’s hypertension? Your Answer: Stage 1 hypertension Stage 2, >140/
Question 35 Not yet graded
/ 5 pts
A patient presents to the emergency department with complaints of sharp pain that comes in waves in the upper lateral quadrant of the abdomen. Their skin is clammy, and they have been experiencing nausea and vomiting all day long. They have a history of UTIs. Urinalysis reveals that the pH of their urine is 7.8. A CT scan reveals that they have a kidney stone. What type of kidney stone would suspect they have? What about their current presentation leads you to this conclusion? Your Answer: A calcium stone. The pH of their urine is slightly acidic and the kidney stone revealed from the CT scan The patient has a magnesium ammonium phosphate stone given the elevated pH of their urine. These types of stones are the result of a UTI caused by bacteria that contain urease. (If the categorization is correct (Magnesium ammonium phosphate stone), 3.5 points should be awarded. Full credit can be granted if the categorization is correct with appropriate supporting evidence.)
Question 36 Not yet graded
/ 5 pts
Sydney, an 18 y/o female, presents with constipation, fatigue, and dry skin. Her menstrual periods have gotten heavier, and she has gained 15 lbs since her last visit. What lab test would you order to confirm your diagnosis? Your Answer: I would have a thyroid lab test ordered to check for hypothyroidism TSH and free T3 and T
Question 40 Not yet graded
/ 5 pts
A patient presents to the emergency department with complaints of sharp pain that comes in waves in the upper lateral quadrant of the abdomen. Their skin is clammy, and they have been experiencing nausea and vomiting all day long. They have a history of UTIs. Urinalysis reveals that the pH of their urine is 7.8. A CT scan reveals a renal calculi that is 7 mm in diameter. What is the best treatment plan for this patient? Explain your reasoning for this treatment plan. Your Answer: Because the calculi is more than 5mm in size, it cant pass through so it would need to be removed invasively through surgery. It must be removed through ureteroscopic removal or extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy, as it is greater than 5 mm in diameter. The patient should be placed on antibiotics to treat the UTI, as well as medication for pain management. (If it is noted that the stone cannot pass on its own/surgical methods are required, 3.5 points should be awarded. Full credit should be granted if the size of the stone is discussed.)
Question 41 Not yet graded
/ 5 pts
Leah is a 25 y/o female who complains of a stuffy nose and sneezing every Spring and Fall. Benadryl makes her sleepy, and it doesn’t really help her nasal congestion. You believe Leah is suffering from a simple case of allergic rhinitis. What is the best treatment plan for this patient? Explain your reasoning. Your Answer: Leah could change to a different type of antihistimine if benadryl makes her drowsy. There are other medications that can be given in a shot form to help with her allergies. 2nd generation antihistamine (non-drowsy) and intranasal steroid for symptom management. (3.5 points should be awarded if the appropriate medication is identified. Full credit should be awarded with an appropriate explanation.)
Question 42 Not yet graded
/ 5 pts
A 75-year-old male is brought to the emergency department by his spouse at 8 pm. The spouse reports that they were cleaning up after dinner at approximately 6:30 pm, and she noticed that her husband’s speech was very unclear. When she asked him what was going on, he said that he didn’t know and that the entire right side of his face felt numb. She reports that he is very active, but he has a past medical history of atrial fibrillation. A CT scan confirms that this patient
has suffered from an ischemic CVA. What is the best treatment plan for this patient? Explain your reasoning. Your Answer: IF patient is experiencing an ischemic CVA, be sure to rule out a blood clot and hemorrhagic stroke as well. If clot is found, a cathether based method should be used to rid of clot. This patient should receive tPA drugs, as they are within the 3-4.5 hour treatment window. (3.5 points should be awarded if tPA drugs are identified as the treatment of choice. Full credit should be awarded with an appropriate explanation.)
Question 43
Not yet graded / 5 pts
Sydney, an 18 y/o female, presents with constipation, fatigue, and dry skin. Her menstrual periods have gotten heavier, and she has gained 15 lbs since her last visit. Sydney’s lab results confirm a diagnosis of hypothyroidism. What treatment would you prescribe? Explain your reasoning for choosing this treatment plan. Your Answer: The patient can be given thyroxine or a synthetic thyroid replacement. This would help to increase her thyroid TSH levels Synthetic T4 thyroid hormone, thyroxine. Sydney’s thyroid isn’t producing enough thyroid hormone, so you need to replace it. (3.5 points should be awarded for correct prescription. Full credit with an appropriate explanation)
Question 44 Not yet graded
/ 5 pts
Jeffrey, a 62 y/o patient, is asking how he can decrease his chance of developing cancer. List TWO recommendations you can give to lower his chances of developing cancer. Your Answer: Eat better diet and exercise Healthy weight, exercise, diet low in fat, high fiber, increased fruits and vegetables, decreased smoked or red meats, avoid smoking and alcohol
Question 45 Not yet graded
/ 5 pts
Joe, a 65 y/o male, presents with generalized lymphadenopathy. He has come in for frequent infections. He has a past history of IV drug use and multiple sexual partners. Bloodwork was taken, and the HIV test was positive. The patient is wondering if he should get a flu shot this year. What is your response? Your Answer:
