Download NURS 209 FINAL EXAM 2025 LATEST COPMLETE FULL LENGTH EXAM WITH DETAILED ANSWERS ALREADY and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!
NURS 209 FINAL EXAM 2025 LATEST COPMLETE
FULL LENGTH EXAM WITH DETAILED ANSWERS
ALREADY GRADED A+
A TRUE statement regarding calcium in cells is: A. calcium salts accumulate in healthy, living cells with normal body function. B. dystrophic calcification occurs in chronic tuberculosis. C. metastatic calcification occurs in damaged tissue. D. psammoma bodies are individual calcium molecules. B. dystrophic calcification occurs in chronic tuberculosis. Dystrophic calcification occurs in dead or dying tissues and chronic tuberculosis and is usually found in lungs and lymph nodes. Calcium accumulation normally occurs in dead or dying tissues. Psammoma bodies are several layers of calcium that clump together and form grains. Metastatic calcification consists of mineral deposits that occur in undamaged tissue as a result of hypercalcemia. Tuberculous infections are likely to result in a form of necrosis called:
A. coagulative. B. liquefactive. C. fat. D. caseous. D. caseous. Caseous necrosis is normally found in the lung from infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is a combination of liquefactive and coagulation necrosis. Coagulative necrosis occurs primarily in the kidneys, heart, and adrenal glands due to protein degradation. Liquefactive necrosis occurs commonly in the neurons and glial cells. Fat necrosis occurs in the breast, pancreas, and other abdominal structures and is caused from cellular dissolution by enzymes called lipases. A correct concept related to aging is: A. the maximal life span on humans is 80 to 100 years. B. men outlive women in most countries. C. the maximal life span changes every decade. D. the concept of aging is well understood and documented. A. the maximal life span on humans is 80 to 100 years.
A. aging. B. lack of blood supply. C. work demand. D. hormonal stimulation. E. need to replace lost cells. A. aging. B. lack of blood supply. D. hormonal stimulation. Atrophy is a decrease in cellular size caused by aging, disuse or lack of blood supply, hormonal stimulation, or neural stimulation. Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of cells caused by increased work demands or hormonal stimulation. Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells caused by an increased rate of cellular division. Normal hyperplasia is stimulated by hormones or the need to replace lost tissues. When discussing body fluid, it is correct to state that: A. two-thirds of the body's water is intracellular. B. one-fourth of the body's fluid is extracellular.
C. the two main extracellular compartments are interstitial and intracellular. D. standard total body water is 40% of body weight. A. two-thirds of the body's water is intracellular. Two-thirds of the body's water is intracellular. One-third is extracellular. There are two components of the extracellular compartment: interstitial and intravascular. Total body water is about 60% of body weight. Which of the following statements is TRUE? When discussing body fluid movement, it is correct to state that: A. potassium is the most abundant extracellular fluid (ECF) ion. B. sodium maintains the osmotic balance of the intracellular fluid (ICF) space. C. water moves freely across membranes. D. aquaporins block water movement across the membrane. C. water moves freely across membranes.
When discussing hyperchloremia (elevated serum chlorine), it is correct to state that it: A. occurs with a deficit of sodium. B. arises with an excess of bicarbonate. C. has specific symptoms such as thirst. D. is a result of an underlying disorder. D. is a result of an underlying disorder. Hyperchloremia is usually related to an underlying disorder, and therefore, treatment is centered on the underlying disorder. It usually occurs with an increase in sodium and a deficit of bicarbonate. There are normally no specific symptoms associated with this syndrome. When discussing hyponatremia (low serum sodium), it is correct to state that it is generally: A. a result of inadequate sodium intake. B. a result of a decrease in total body water (TBW). C. an outcome of serious burns, vomiting, or diarrhea.
D. an outcome of serum sodium levels dropping below 145 mEq/L. C. an outcome of serious burns, vomiting, or diarrhea. Hyponatremia occurs when the serum sodium drops below 135 mEq/L. It can occur due to burns, vomiting, diarrhea, or gastrointestinal suctioning. It can also occur with an increase in TBW. Inadequate sodium intake can cause hyponatremia, but it is uncommon. Which of the following is a TRUE statement regarding hyperkalemia (elevated serum potassium)? A. Dietary excesses are commonly the cause. B. It often occurs in acidosis. C. There is an increased in the renal secretion of potassium. D. Increased aldosterone levels are noted. B. It often occurs in acidosis.
The appropriate term for the reversible replacement of one mature cell by another is: A. metaplasia. B. hyperplasia. C. dysplasia. D. atypical hyperplasia. A. metaplasia. The term metaplasia refers to one cell type being replaced by another. Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells, not a change in their type. Dysplasia, also referred to as atypical hyperplasia, refers to abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization of cells. The ability to increase intracellular calcium concentrations and affect the nervous and hematopoietic systems is a characteristic of: A. carbon monoxide. B. carbon tetrachloride. C. lead. D. mercury.
C. lead. Lead is able to increase intracellular calcium concentrations and may also become a calcium substitute. It affects the hematopoietic system. It is often found in paint, dirt, and pottery. Carbon tetrachloride, formerly used in dry cleaning, is converted into a highly toxic free radical that damages the liver. Carbon monoxide is an asphyxiate gas that interrupts respiration. Mercury is a heavy metal and can worsen chronic diseases like Alzheimer disease and multiple sclerosis. A patient with a collection of blood that is located between the skull and the dura is diagnosed with a condition referred to as a(n): A. epidural hematoma. B. contusion. C. subdural hematoma. D. abrasion. A. epidural hematoma.
A characteristic of a stab wound includes: A. the injury is deeper than it is long. B. the injury is longer than it is deep. C. there is a broken bone. D. there is significant crush injury. A. the injury is deeper than it is long. The injury is deeper than it is long. There is little crush injury because the object used is sharp and it makes a clean entrance. An injury that is longer than it is deep is considered an incised wound. A broken bone is a fracture. The appropriate term for fragments of burning or unburned pieces of gunpowder that are embedded in the epidermis is: A. exit wound. B. stippling. C. blowback. D. tattooing. D. tattooing.
Tattooing results from fragments of burning or unburned pieces of gunpowder exiting the barrel and striking the skin surface with enough force to be driven into the epidermis. Stippling results when fragments of gunpowder strike the skin with enough force to abrade the skin but not actually penetrate the surface. An exit wound is where the bullet exits the body. Blowback is disruption of the tissues resulting in large, gaping, and jagged appearance to the wound. Which term describes oxygen failing to reach the blood? A. Suffocation B. Strangulation C. Drowning D. Petechiae A. Suffocation Suffocation occurs when oxygen fails to reach the blood. It is a subgroup of asphyxial injuries. Strangulation is caused by compression and closure of the blood vessels and air passages by external pressure on the neck. Drowning occurs when water or fluid alters delivery of oxygen. Petechiae are found on the neck of a victim who is strangled. It is the result of compression of soft tissue and the breakage of blood vessels.
D. karyolysis. Karyolysis is the nuclear dissolution and lysis of chromatin. Autolysis is a term for autodigestion. In pyknosis, the nucleus shrinks and becomes a small, dense mass of genetic material. Karyorrhexis means fragmentation of the nucleus into smaller particles, or "nuclear dust." A patient has deep and rapid respirations. Laboratory tests reveal decreased pH and bicarbonate. This patient is experiencing: A. metabolic acidosis. B. metabolic alkalosis. C. respiratory acidosis. D. respiratory alkalosis. A. metabolic acidosis.
A decrease in pH and bicarbonate occur with metabolic acidosis. Additionally, metabolic acidosis causes deep and rapid breathing, as the body tries to compensate by removing carbon dioxide. Metabolic alkalosis occurs if pH and bicarbonate levels are elevated. Respiratory acidosis occurs when pH is decreased and carbon dioxide is elevated, whereas respiratory alkalosis occurs when pH is elevated and carbon dioxide is decreased. A common cause of the increased filtration of fluid from capillaries and lymph into surrounding tissues (edema) includes: Select all that apply. A. increased hydrostatic pressure. B. decreased plasma oncotic pressure. C. increased capillary membrane permeability. D. lymphatic obstruction. E. increased barometric pressure. A. increased hydrostatic pressure. B. decreased plasma oncotic pressure. C. increased capillary membrane permeability. D. lymphatic obstruction.
High sodium can be caused by inappropriate administration of hypertonic saline (sodium bicarbonate in cardiac arrest), oversecretion of aldosterone, and Cushing syndrome (increased secretion of ACTH). An excessive free water intake will actually cause hyponatremia, or low sodium, due to sodium dilution in the blood. High amounts of dietary sodium rarely cause hypernatremia. When discussing common clinical manifestations of hypokalemia (low serum potassium), it is correct to state that: Select all that apply. A. carbohydrate metabolism is affected due to decreased insulin secretion. B. renal function is impaired. C. neuromuscular excitability is decreased. D. skeletal muscle contractility is increased. E. smooth muscle tone is increased. A. carbohydrate metabolism is affected due to decreased insulin secretion. B. renal function is impaired. C. neuromuscular excitability is decreased.
Carbohydrate metabolism is affected secondary to decreased insulin secretion. Renal function may be impaired, and renal tubular atrophy and fibrosis may occur. Skeletal muscle will be weak, as neuromuscular excitability is decreased. Loss of smooth muscle tone is manifested by constipation, intestinal distention, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and paralytic ileus (paralysis of the intestinal muscles). An example of a physical barrier is: A. antibacterial fatty acids. B. lysozymes in tears. C. epithelial cells. D. ear wax. C. epithelial cells. Epithelial cells form tight junctions that act as physical barriers to entry of organisms. Lysozymes, antibacterial fatty acids, and ear wax are biochemical barriers. The complement factor that causes pores to form in the bacterial membrane is:
