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NUR612 Pathophysiology Final McCance
& Huether (8th ed). Questions &
Answers. Already Graded A+.
Which enzyme is responsible for breaking the end amino acids away from the ingested protein? A. Trypsin B. Chymotrypsin C. Lipase D. Carboxypeptidase - ANSCarboxypeptidase Carboxypeptidases break away the end amino acids from proteins. Trypsin and chymotrypsin hydrolyze the interior bonds of the large molecules. Lipase is a pancreatic enzyme, which breaks down triglycerides Ch41.
- What term is used to identify the deposition of an excessive amount of extracellular matrix? A. Tubulointerstitial fibrosis B. Compensatory hypertrophy C. Obligatory growth D. Compensatory growth - ANSA. Tubulointerstitial fibrosis Tubulointerstitial fibrosis is the deposition of an excessive amount of extracellular matrix. Compensatory hypertrophy is essential to the recovery of renal function after an obstruction. Obligatory growth is the influence of somatostatin on nephrons. Compensatory growth is an unidentified hormone influencing nephrons. Obligatory and compensatory growths together make up compensatory hypertrophy. Ch39.
- Which statement is true regarding the pulmonary system? A. The left lobe is divided into three lobes. B. Each lobe is divided into bronchi. C. The mediastinum contains the lungs and heart. D. The larynx connects the upper and lower airways. - ANSD. The larynx connects the upper and lower airways.
The larynx connects the upper and lower airways. The mediastinum contains the heart, great vessels, and esophagus and is located between the two lungs. The right lung has three lobes, and the left lung has two. Each lobe is divided into segments and lobules. Ch35. 5-Azacytidine has been used as a therapeutic drug in the treatment of which disease process? A. Leukemia B. Brain cancer C. Benign neoplasm D. Type II diabetes - ANSA. Leukemia 5-Azacytidine, a demethylating agent, has been used as a therapeutic drug in the treatment of leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome. 5-Azacytidine is not a therapeutic drug used in the treatment of brain cancer, benign neoplasm, or type II diabetes. Ch06.
- What does the initial process of muscle contraction consist of? A. Sarcomere lengthening B. Calcium migrating to myofilaments C. Excitation D. Cross-bridge formation - ANSC. Excitation Ch44.5PPT - Muscle contraction A 17-year-old boy is admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit after surgery. The teen requires debridement of a wound on his sacrum (triangular bone at the base of the spine). His mother attributes this to difficulty in repositioning him because of his size. He has been in a persistent vegetative state for almost 4 years after suffering a traumatic brain injury as a result of a self-inflicted gunshot to his head
- A large portion of the area is removed because of ischemia and cell death. The teen suffers from tissue. A. apoptosis. B. necrosis. C. catabolism. D. metabolism - ANSB. necrosis Ch2.10PPT Unit 1 The Cell - Case Study 1b A 17-year-old boy is admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit after surgery. The teen requires debridement of a wound on his sacrum (triangular bone at the base of the spine). His mother attributes this to difficulty in repositioning him because of his size. He
Tension headache is the most common type of headache, often feels like a band is constricting the head, and is bilateral. Migraines tend to throb and are often unilateral. A migraine is classified as with and without aura and is precipitated by a triggering event. Cluster headaches are more common in men and occur in episodes several times during a day for a period of days at different times of the year. The pain of a cluster headache is unilateral, intense, tearing, and burning. Ch18. A 47-year-old woman is seen in her primary care physician's office for her annual screening. She has a history of hypertension and is considered obese according to her body mass index. Her physician discusses her laboratory results with her and explains that she has type 2 diabetes. Insulin resistance has been implicated in numerous cardiovascular diseases. Adipocytes, or fat cells, release a number of hormones that are altered in obesity and have an important effect on insulin sensitivity. Glucagon excess may also be as important as insulin nsufficiency of diabetes. Glucagon A. stimulates lipolysis B. stops the release of amylin C. increases somatostatin production D. decreases ghrelin levels - ANSA. stimulates lipolysis Ch22.6aPPT - Alterations of Hormonal Regulation A 47-year-old woman is seen in her primary care physician's office for her annual screening. She has a history of hypertension and is considered obese according to her body mass index. Her physician discusses her laboratory results with her and explains that she has type 2 diabetes. Insulin resistance has been implicated in numerous cardiovascular diseases. Adipocytes, or fat cells, release a number of hormones that are altered in obesity and have an important effect on insulin sensitivity. Obesity is present in 60%-80% of patients with type 2 diabetes and is a major contributor to insulin resistance by many mechanisms including: A. Decreased release of inflammatory cytokines B. Minimization of free fatty acids C. Maintenance of oxidative phosphorylation in cellular mitochondria D. Increased insulin-receptor density - ANSC. Maintenance of oxidative phosphorylation in cellular mitochondria Ch22.6bPPT - Alterations of Hormonal Regulation A child has asthma. Which pathophysiologic process occurs in this disease?
A. Acute injury to the alveolocapillary membrane, producing severe pulmonary edema and shunting B. Chronic inflammatory disorder, causing mucosal edema and reversible airflow obstruction C. Airway obstruction, increasing resistance to airflow and decreasing flow rates, especially inspiratory flow D. IL-17 impairs mucociliary clearance and contributes to bronchoconstriction - ANSB. Chronic inflammatory disorder, causing mucosal edema and reversible airflow obstruction Ch36.3PPT Alterations of Pulmonary Function A female has one X chromosome. Which diagnosis will the nurse observe documented on the chart? A. Trisomy X syndrome B. Klinefelter syndrome C. Fragile X syndrome D. Turner syndrome - ANSD. Turner syndrome Ch4.3PPT Sex Chromosome Aneuploidy A male has impaired spermatogenesis from a lack of inhibin B. Which cells are functioning improperly? A. Leydig B. Sertoli C. Pituitary D. Anti-spermantibodies - ANSB. Sertoli Ch26.4PPT A man has worked with asbestos in his career for longer than 40 years. Which cancer is the most likely to develop? A. Bladder B. Leukemia C. Stomach D. Lung - ANSD. Lung Asbestos may cause mesothelioma or lung cancer. Benzol inhalation is linked to leukemia in shoemakers and in workers in the rubber cement, explosives, and dye industries. According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), strong
B. Paraphimosis C. Epididymitis D. Testicular cancer - ANSC. Epididymitis Pain is the main symptom of epididymitis. Pyuria or bacteriuria and urinary symptoms may be present. Balanitis is an inflammation of the glans penis, and paraphimosis is the inability to move the foreskin forward (reduce) to cover the glans. Signs of testicular cancer include abnormal consistency, induration, nodularity, or an irregularity of a testis. A firm, nontender testicular mass or diffuse enlargement is found in the majority of cases. Ch26. A mother gives birth to an infant diagnosed with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. The mother-baby nurse teaches the new mother and father about the specifics of this syndrome. The infant is at an increased risk for which disorder? A. Mental retardation B. Wilms tumor C. Triangular-shaped face D. Hypotonia - ANSB. Wilms tumor Ch6.6PPT Unit II: Genes and Gene-Environment Interaction Case Study 2b A mother gives birth to an infant diagnosed with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. The mother-baby nurse teaches the new mother and father about the specifics of this syndrome. Which is a common characteristic of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome? A. Omphalocele B. Leg-length discrepancy C. Hyperglycemia D. Obesity - ANSA. Omphalocele Ch6.5PPT Unit II: Genes and Gene-Environment Interaction Case Study 2a A nurse is asked about NK cells. How should the nurse respond? NK cells A. only work alone to cause apoptosis. B. destroy abnormal cells with MHC class I markers. C. lack antigen-specific receptors. D. mature in the thymus. - ANSC. lack antigen-specific receptors.
Ch8.4PPT Adaptive Immunity - Active vs. Passive Immunity - Other Cells that Kill Abnormal Cells A nurse is asked how antibiotics work. How should the nurse reply? One of the actions of antibiotics includes A. protection of the bacterial cell wall. B. inhibition of protein synthesis. C. enhancement of DNA replication. D. support for folic acid synthesis. - ANSB. inhibition of protein synthesis. ChPPT 10.4 Infection - Countermeasures Against Pathogens A nurse is assigned to care for a person with a 40% deep partial-thickness injury. Which parameter will the nurse closely monitor to best assess adequate fluid resuscitation? A. Hematocrit level B. Urine output C. Heart rate D. Blood pressure - ANSB. Urine output Ch49.5PPT A nurse is looking at an ECG and is measuring the time interval from the onset of atrial electrical activity to the onset of ventricular electrical activity. What is the nurse measuring? A. QRS complex B. QT interval C. PR interval D. Width of the P wave - ANSC. PR interval Ch32.2PPT Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic System A nurse knows that active transport requires A. receptors capable of recognizing and binding with specific molecules. B. a hydrostatic pressure gradient between intracellular and extracellular regions. C. a molecule bound to a ligand that moves the substance down the gradient. D. the presence of pores in the cell membrane with no energy expenditure. - ANSA. receptors capable of recognizing and binding with specific molecules. Ch1.4PPT Membrane Transport: Cellular Intake and Output A nurse knows that ADH is
A. produces a catabolic effect on skeletal muscle. B. increases hemoglobin and hematocrit levels. C. suppresses activity of the sebaceous glands. D. is a peptide hormone - ANSB. increases hemoglobin and hematocrit levels. Ch24.5PPT A nurse knows that the premotor area (Brodmann area 6) is A. responsible for goal-oriented behavior. B. involved in eye movements. C. responsible for the motor aspects of speech. D. involved in programming motor movements - ANSD. involved in programming motor movements Ch15.2PPT - Central Nervous System A nurse knows the onset of an acute confusional state is A. insidious. B. 1 week. C. sudden. D. predictable - ANSC. sudden Ch17.2PPT - Acute Confusional States A nurse learns that an individual has benign tumors. What does this mean? The tumors A. are poorly differentiated. B. are encapsulated. C. may develop anaplasia. D. may spread to a distant location. - ANSB. are encapsulated. Ch12.1PPT Cancer - Classification and Nomenclature A nurse observes a "hot spot" from the injection of a radioactive solution. Which test is the nurse reviewing? A. Technetium scanning B. Coronary angiography C. Doppler study D. Echocardiogram - ANSA. Technetium scanning Ch32.5PPT Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic System A nurse observes Reed-Sternberg cells on the laboratory results. The nurse is caring for an individual with
A. Hodgkin lymphoma. B. non-Hodgkin lymphoma. C. Burkitt lymphoma. D. lymphoblastic lymphoma. - ANSA. Hodgkin lymphoma. Ch30.4PPT Alterations of Leukocyte and Lymphoid Function A nurse recalls depolarization occurs when the A. Cell is more negatively charged and its polarity is negative. B. sodium-potassium (Na+/K+) pump removes sodium from the cell. C. voltage-regulated channels open and Na+ enters the cell. D. Cell decreases by 25-30 millivolts and reaches threshold - ANSC. voltage-regulated channels open and Na+ enters the cell. Ch1.5PPT Movement of Electrical Impulses A nurse recalls that acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) A. is most common in adults. B. has a higher mortality rate in children when compared with adults C. is defined as greater than 30% lymphoblasts in the bone marrow D. is caused by an abnormal proliferation of myeloid precursor cells. - ANSC. is defined as greater than 30% lymphoblasts in the bone marrow Ch30.3PPT Alterations of Leukocyte and Lymphoid Function A nurse recalls that calcitonin A. increases serum sodium concentration B. activates osteoclasts C. suppresses osteoblasts D. reduces serum calcium concentration. - ANSD. reduces serum calcium concentration. Ch21.3PPT - Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation A nurse recalls that fusiform aneurysms are A. congenital. B. common in children. C. due to arteriosclerotic changes. D.from arteritis caused by bacterial emboli - ANSC. due to arteriosclerotic changes
- Saccular (berry) aneurysms•Congenital abnormality and degenerative changes
D. REM - ANSB. N
N1: Light sleep, 3%−8% of sleep time N2: Longest stage, 45%−55% of sleep time N3: Slow-wave sleep, 13%−23% of sleep time REM: REM is 20%−25% of sleep time.
- Is also known as paradoxical sleep
- Vivid dreaming occurs during REM.
- Occurs every 90 minutes, beginning after 1−2 hours of sleep Ch16.4PPT - Sleep Disorders A nurse recalls the reflex withdrawal of an affected body part from painful stimuli before the pain is perceived is controlled by A.myelinated A-beta fibers. B. unmyelinated C fibers. C. unmyelinated C-alpha fibers. D. myelinated A fibers - ANSD. myelinated A-delta fibers Primary order neurons: nociceptors
- stimulated by severe mechanical deformation, mechanical deformation, and/or temperature extremes
- Myelinated A-delta fibers: transmission is fast and causes reflex withdrawal of affected body part from stimulus before pain sensation is perceived
- Unmyelinated C polymodal fibers: stimulated by mechanical, thermal, and chemical nociceptors (transmission is slower and conveys dull, aching, or burning sensations
- A-beta fibers: large myelinated fibeers that transmit touch and vibration sensations Ch16.1PPT - Neuroanatomy of pain A nurse remembers that aging is associated with A. reduced cross-linking of collagen. B. reduced degradation of collagen. C. increased cross-linking of collagen. D. increased collagen synthesis. - ANSC. increased cross-linking of collagen. Ch2.4PPT Aging and Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology A patient has a posterior pituitary tumor that is producing excess antidiuretic hormone. The blood volume and blood pressure are elevated. What other increased hormonal release would be expected? A. Angiotensin I
B. Aldosterone C. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) D. Angiotensin II - ANSC. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) ANP is released in response to elevated blood volume and pressure and acts to increase water and sodium excretion. Angiotensin I and II and aldosterone would decrease in response to elevated blood volume and pressure. Ch38. A patient has excessive and persistent worrying. Which diagnosis will the nurse observe documented on the chart? A. PTSD B. Generalized anxiety disorder C. Agoraphobia D. Panic disorder - ANSB. Generalized anxiety disorder Generalized anxiety disorder:
- Excessive and persistent worries
- Motor disturbances, irritability, and fatigue
- Cingulate cortex and amygdala abnormalities: prominent roles in stimulating anticipatory anxiety and attentional bias to threats
- Norepinephrine and serotonin abnormalities
- Treatment •5-HT (serotonin)/norepinephrine (NE) reuptake inhibitors •Behavioral therapy Ch19.3PPT - Anxiety Disorder A patient has stress and releases cortisol. The nurse realizes that cortisol A. increases the rate of protein synthesis in the liver. B. reduces gastric secretions. C. enhances immune function. D. stimulates fibroblast proliferation at wound sites. - ANSA. increases the rate of protein synthesis in the liver. Ch11.3PPT Stress & Disease - Cortisol & the Immune System A patient has stress. The nurse realizes that some changes in the immune system might include A. increased B-cell function. B. decreased natural killer cells. C. decreased risk for infection.
A person arrives at the clinic and reports a unilateral headache for 2 days that worsens with movement and light. No trauma has occurred. The nurse suspects A. subarachnoid hemorrhage. B. cerebral tumor. C. chronic paroxysmal hemicrania. D.migraine headache - ANS4. migraine headache C18.4PPT - Headache Syndromes A person arrives at the clinic and reports mild tiredness and discomfort after exposure to a family member with the flu. The nurse suspects the person is in the A. convalescence period. B. incubation period. C. prodromal period. D. invasion period. - ANSC. prodromal period. ChPPT 10.1 Infection - Clinical Infectious Disease A person arrives at the emergency department with a burn injury. The burn area is covered with thin-walled, fluid-filled blisters and is very painful. The nurse suspects this is a A. first-degree injury. B. superficial partial-thickness injury. C. deep partial-thickness injury. D. full-thickness injury. - ANSB. superficial partial-thickness injury Ch49.4PPT A person arrives in the clinic reporting 4 days of nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. The hematocrit is 61%. The nurse suspects: A.primary polycythemia. B. secondary polycythemia. C. relative polycythemia. D. absolute polycythemia - ANSC. relative polycythemia. Ch29.4PPT Alterations of Erythrocyte, Platelet, and Hemostatic Function A person arrives in the emergency department after a loss of consciousness and the development of Kussmaul respirations. The individual has a history of diabetes and 2 days of vomiting and diarrhea. The nurse suspects the person has which of the following primary disorders? A. Respiratory alkalosis
B. Respiratory acidosis C. Metabolic alkalosis D. Metabolic acidosis - ANSD. Metabolic acidosis Ch2.7PPT Summary Question 3 A person develops cardiogenic shock after an acute MI. The nurse understands this will produce a(an) A. inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system. B. stimulation of the renin-angiotensin system. C. decreased activation of the complement system. D. lowered production of catecholamine system. - ANSB. stimulation of the renin- angiotensin system. Ch49.1PPT A person develops severe dehydration and hyperglycemia. An absence of ketosis has occurred. What condition does this person have? A. Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome (HHNKS) B. DKA C. Hypoglycemia D. Somogyi effect - ANSA. Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome (HHNKS) HHNKS is different from DKA in the degree of insulin deficiency and fluid deficiency. It is also characterized by a lack of ketosis. Somogyi effect occurs when hypoglycemia stimulates glucose counterregulation of hormones, which causes a rebound hyperglycemia. Ch22. A person drinks alcohol in excessive quantities. Which areas are likely to develop cancer related to alcohol consumption? (Select all that apply.) A. Oral cavity B. Larynx C. Pharynx D. Spleen E. Liver - ANSA. Oral cavity B. Larynx C. Pharynx E. Liver Cancers of the gastrointestinal system are linked to alcohol and include cancer of the oral cavity, larynx, pharynx, hypopharynx, esophagus, and liver.
A person has a diagnosis of valvular regurgitation. What pathophysiologic process is the person experiencing? The valves: A. are constricted and narrowed, impeding the forward flow of blood. B. fail to close completely, permitting the backflow of blood to continue. C. have an inherited defect, such as thickening of the septal wall. D. cause acute pericarditis and filling of the pericardial sac. - ANSB. fail to close completely, permitting the backflow of blood to continue. Ch33.4PPT Alterations of Cardiovascular Function A person has a large open wound that has formed scar tissue. The nurse knows which type of healing has occurred? A. Primary B. Secondary C. Debridement D. Regeneration - ANSB. Secondary Ch07.4PPT Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing A person has a large open wound that has formed scar tissue. The nurse knows which type of healing has occurred? A. Primary B. Secondary C. Debridement D. Regeneration - ANSB. Secondary Ch7.4PPT Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing - Wound Healing A person has a lesion on the lower neuron that involves the sacral micturition center. Which condition is the person experiencing? A. Detrusor areflexia B. Dyssynergia C. Renal colic D. Tubulointerstitial fibrosis - ANSA. Detrusor areflexia Ch39.1PPT A person has a pulmonary embolism. What will the nurse find upon assessment? A. Positive PPD skin test, night sweats, weight loss B. Productive cough, fever, pain behind the sternum C. Sudden pleuritic chest pain, dyspnea, unexplained anxiety
D. Barrel chest, hyper resonant chest sounds, very little sputum - ANSC. Sudden pleuritic chest pain, dyspnea, unexplained anxiety Ch36.5PPT Alterations of Pulmonary Function A person has a type I allergic reaction. Which pathophysiologic response is occurring? A. Antibody binds to tissue-specific antigen. B. Immune complexes are deposited in vessel walls. C. T lymphocytes, not antibodies, mediate the process. D. IgE and products of tissue mast cells are released. - ANS4. IgE and products of tissue mast cells are released. Ch09.2PPT Aaptations in Immunity and Inflammation - Antigenic Targets of Hypersensitivity Reactions A person has alcoholic liver disease. What is the sequence for the development of this disease? A. Incubation, prodromal, icteric, and recovery B. Prehepatic, intrahepatic, and extrahepatic C. Steatosis, steatohepatitis, and fibrosis D. Overflow, underfill, and peripheral artery vasodilati - ANSC. c.Steatosis, steatohepatitis, and fibrosis Ch42.4PPT - Alterations of Digestive Function A person has an inadequate intake of folic acid (folate). What will happen to this person's RBCs? A. Impaired iron metabolism B. Impaired DNA synthesis C. Impaired hemoglobin synthesis D. Impaired heme metabolism - ANSB. Impaired DNA synthesis Ch28.3PPT Structure and Function of the Hematologic System A person has an infection with early inflammation. Which agranulocyte is the primary immunogenic WBC? A. Neutrophil B. Natural killer cell C. Lymphocyte D. Eosinophil - ANSC. Lymphocyte
