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NUR2063 EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE 2025|QUESTIONS
WITH ANSWERS|100 % PASS ASSURED
Homeostasis •state of equilibrium or balance within and organism •Fluids and electrolytes exist within the body, are dynamic in nature, and are maintained in constant balance, or homeostasis, within the body fluid volume deficit •Fluid deficit occurs when total body fluid levels (mostly water) are insufficient to meet the body's needs may also be referred to as dehydration •Fluid volume deficits may result from vomiting and diarrhea Fluid Volume Excess •Daily fluid intake should equal the amount of fluid lost •Third spacing: significant fluid increases in the transcellular compartment, which does not exchange easily among other ECFs
Types: Edema, Water intoxication Eukaryote •is any cell or organism that possesses a defined nucleus Mitochondria •Have own DNA and ribosomes •Produces adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for energy what happens When arterial blood pressure decreases •renin is released from the kidneys and works on angiotensinogen (from the liver), converting it to angiotensin I. What is the role of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, antidiuretic hormone (ADH), and natriuretic peptides Control of fluid and electrolyte balances is maintained
What is the role of Aldosterone promotes the retention of the sodium and water in the kidneys, restoring blood volume directly influences water reabsorption in the distal tubules and collecting ducts in the kidneys What may cause Fluid volume deficient •hemorrhage, excessive loss of GI fluids (e.g., vomiting, diarrhea). What are the symptoms of Fluid volume deficient thirst, weight loss, lungs clear to auscultation, tachycardic. What may cause fluid volume excess •heart failure, end-stage kidney failure, etc.
What are the symptoms of Fluid volume excess (FVE) •crackles in the lungs, hypertension, bounding pulses. Where is the highest loss of daily fluids in the urinary tract Osmosis •process which water travels through a selectively permeable membrane so the concentrations of a substance that is soluble in water (solutes) are the same on both sides of the membrane. (ex. movement of water between the interstitial and intracellular compartments). what type of movement is osmosis Through osmosis water passively moves from an area of lower particle concentration to an area of higher particle concentration. Where does Potassium mostly exist in the body
•positive Chvostek's sign(contraction of the corner of the patient's eye and mouth when the facial nerve is tapped gently and positive Trousseau's sign (spasm of the and hand and wrist [sign of tetany]). Hyponatremia •<135 mEq/L Causes from excessive sodium losses or increased water gains (dilutional hyponatremia) Hyponatremia requires •frequent neuro assessment due to possible fatal cerebral edema. Due to fluid shifts in the cerebral cortex, cerebral edema and increased intracranial pressure may develop. Electrolyte Normal Ranges Sodium: 136-144mEq/L Potassium: 3.7-5.2 mEq/L Calcium: 8.5-10.9mg/dL
Magnesium: 1.6-2.6mEq/L Phosphorus 2.5-4.5mg/dL Isotonic •fluid volume is increased without a fluid shift equal solute concentrations, causes no fluid shifts Hypotonic •causes fluid shifts from the extracellular space into the intracellular space. Draw fluid from vessels and move fluid into the cells Hypertonic •causes fluid shifts from the intracellular space into the extracellular space
The nurse identifies the patient with which electrolyte abnormality as having the greatest risk for ventricular dysrhythmias? hyperkalemia The nurse assess for which clinical manifestations in the patient with fluid volume excess? Select all that apply a. hypertension b. jugular vein distension d. dyspnea e. bounding pulses What is the Initial symptoms the body experiences when under stres is the "fight-or-flight" response Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous systems resulting in the release of catecholamines and cortisol is known as the fight-or flight response
Physiological reaction with "fight or flight" response •Dilated pupils •Increased heart rate •Increased blood pressure •Increased respiratory rate •General adaptation syndrome - protective stress response includes three stages: •Alarm stage - fight-or flight response •Resistance stage •Exhaustion stage Resistance stage •cortisol levels and sympathetic nervous system return to normal Exhaustion stage body becomes depleted, and damage may appear
Staphylococcus Fever •is a clinical manifestation of a systemic effect from an inflammatory response •Indicates an alteration on homeostatic control mechanisms Sepsis •is a severe inflammatory response to a pathogen •An overwhelming infection What are lab tests than can detect inflammation Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) •Signs of inflammation when injured: •Pain, redness, warmth, swelling, heat, loss of function to injured area •Increased blood flow to the area of injury
Skin and mucous membrane •- first barrier encountered by microbes and pathogens that are attempting to invade the body Tears, mucous, and saliva •immune response against foreign antigens are part of the first line of defense, part of innate defenses Pyrogens •make unfavorable environment for bacterial proliferation •Cause systemic inflammatory response (fever) Interferons •small protein released by virus-infected cells to stop the replication of a virus •Complement proteins
adaptive immune provide Third line of defense Third line of defense •occurs by natural exposure: infection, transfer of maternal antibodies; or artificial exposure: vaccinations; or infusion of immune serum globulin Infection a person who recovers from a first case of measles is immune to further infection Types of Acquired Immunity •Two types - active and passive Natural active
•pathogens enter the body and cause illness; antibodies form •E.g., a person who recovers from a first case of measles is immune to further infection Artificial active •vaccine is administered; no illness results, but antibodies form •E.g., polio vaccine to prevent poliomyelitis, flu vaccine during the flu season Natural passive •antibodies are basses directly from mother to child to provide temporary protection •E.g., passage through placenta during pregnancy; newborn baby via breastmilk Active passive •- antibodies are administered to proved temporary protection to minimize the severity of an infection •E. g., Immunoglobulin injection to treat immunological diseases
T cells mature where thymus T cells work to destroy what antigens T cells are responsible for for hypersensitivity and transplant rejection B cells •mature in the bone marrow and differentiate into either memory cells or Ig-secreting (antibody) cells , or immunoglobulins Once B cells are exposed to a specific antigen for the first time they proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells and memory cells Memory cells
•quicker response to same antigen in the future (acquired immunity) The immunoglobulins (Igs), or antibodies include five classes IgG,IgM,IgA,IgE,IgD IgG Main defense against bacteria - most prolific in number; found in all body fluids and protects against bacterial and viral infections IgM triggers additional production of IgG - present in lymphocyte cells IgA •- found in membranes of the respiratory and GI tracts, breast milk (colostrum), tears, mucus, and saliva IgE
