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NUR176 / NUR 176 Final Exam (Latest 2025
/ 2026): Concepts of Adult Health Nursing for
the Practical Nurse I | Complete Guide with
Questions and Verified Answers | 100%
Correct - Hondros
What type of diabetes is Autoimmune? - ANSWER Type 1 (no insulin) What type of diabetes is insulin resistant? - ANSWER Type 2 What is the treatment for type 1 diabetes? - ANSWER Insulin only What is the treatment for type 2 diabetes? - ANSWER lifestyle changes & oral meds (or insulin in some cases) What are you at high risk for with type 1 diabtes? - ANSWER DKA (diabetic ketoacidosis)
With type 2 diabetes, are you at risk for DKA? - ANSWER Low risk for DKA but also at risk for HHNS (Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome) What labs are often ran to help with diagnosis of Diabetes? - ANSWER Fasting glucose A1c Random glucose What is Hyperglycemia? - ANSWER High blood sugar What are some S/S of hyperglycemia? (Think about the 3 Ps!) - ANSWER Polydipsia Polyuria Polyphasia Blurred vision, fatigue, dry skin, fruity breath(late sign) what is the TREATMENT for Hyperglycemia? - ANSWER Insulin (as prescribed) fluids monitor BG frequently Education on potential triggers (stress, illness, skipped insulin) What is Hypoglycemia? - ANSWER Low blood sugar
What types of insulin are LONG? - ANSWER GLARGINE & DETEMIR ("glamorous LONG DATE") onset is 1hr. NO peak. duration 24+hrs When do you give RAPID insulin? - ANSWER RIGHT before meals NPH is normally? - ANSWER CLOUDY Long acting insulin normally has this peak? - ANSWER NONE!! Given ONCE a day! which insulin do you never mix? - ANSWER GLARGINE! (Loooong acting) *lonely... nothing with it The order in which you draw up insulin? - ANSWER Clear (regular) before Cloudy (NPH) When someone has DKA the BG level is over? - ANSWER BG over 250
Are there ketones present with DKA patients? - ANSWER Yes What are you monitoring in patients with DKA? - ANSWER K+ (potassium) Sick day management for pts with Diabetes - ANSWER continue taking insulin check BG every 2-4 hours check ketones drink fluids In patients with HHNS will there be ketones present? - ANSWER no Treatment for pts with HHNS - ANSWER IV fluids. insulin. electrolytes Diabetic foot care include - ANSWER Check feet DAILY dont walk barefoot keep feet clean & dry trim nails STRAIGHT across no heating pads or tight shoes
Sliding scale for insulin dosage - ANSWER 150-199= units 200-249= 4 units 250-299= 6 units ABC stands for? - ANSWER Airway Breathing Circulation **Remember: Acute over Chronic New over Known Unstable over Stable SOP include (LPN) - ANSWER stable patients, Oral/IV meds (NO PUSH), reinforce teaching, wound care, hang 2nd bag LPN CANNOT - ANSWER PUSH IV meds TITRATE drips (if you see the word TITRATE its a NO!!) Care for UNSTABLE patients Earliest sign of ICP (Cushing's Triad) - ANSWER Change in level of consciousness and headache ICP patients positions - ANSWER head of the bed at 30 degrees
Early ICP signs - ANSWER LOC change restlessness Late signs of ICP - ANSWER Cushing's Triad (widened pulse pressure, increased systolic BP) bradycardia increased temp fixed dilated pupils Diagnostic tests ran for ICP - ANSWER LP (lumbar puncture) EEG Cerebral angioplasty CT MRI Doppler ICP increases the ______________ to the brain, tissue decreases. - ANSWER Perfusion What can happen to the pupils with ICP? - ANSWER They will dilate Late sign--> pupils blown
Two types of Ischemic Strokes? - ANSWER Thrombotic: obstruction formed in a blood vessel of the brain. Embolic: clot or plaque fragments traveling throughout a blood vessel from an area OUTSIDE the brain. One sided weakness/numbness Ischemic stroke accounts for what percentage of all strokes? - ANSWER 87% (most common) **occur without any warning signs hemmorhagic stroke - ANSWER Type of CVA that occurs when a weakened blood vessel, such as an aneurysm, ruptures and bleeds into the surrounding tissue of the brain. To rule out a ischemic stroke, what will be ordered? - ANSWER CT scan Modifiable vs non modifiable risk factors for stroke - ANSWER Modifiable: something you can change/modify (diabetes, hypertension, sedentary lifestyle, obesity) Non-modifiable: HX of TIA, gender, age, ethnicity
Hemorrhagic stroke are caused by - ANSWER - Uncontrolled hypertension, or trauma -accounts for 13% of all strokes **Severe headache and still neck are warning signs receptive aphasia - ANSWER trouble understanding spoken or written words expressive aphasia - ANSWER trouble communicating thoughts through speech or writing Left sided brain damage (think LANGUAGE) - ANSWER Affects the RIGHT side of the body -speech problems -difficulty following verbal commands -slow and cautious behavior Right sided brain damage (restless and Rowdy; RIGHT) - ANSWER Affects the LEFT side of the body -quick impulsive behavior -short attention span -easily distracted
What is meningitis? - ANSWER inflammation of the meninges, the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord What can cause/lead to meningitis? - ANSWER Bacteria Fungi Virus Parasites Non-infectious conditions (meds, cancer, injuries) S/S of meningitis - ANSWER Changes in mental status Fever Discolored skin Vomiting Stiff neck Loss of appetite Severe headache The presence of Kernig sign (when patient's leg is bent at the knee and they cant straighten it) indicates what? - ANSWER Meningitis The presence of Brudzinski sign (when a patients neck is is flexed and the hip flexion occurs) indicates what? - ANSWER Meningitis
What is encephalitis? - ANSWER When the brain is inflamed due to infection What type of isolation precaution would be for meningitis? - ANSWER Droplet Precaution (Private room) Treatment for Meningitis - ANSWER Rest, oral fluids, and medication for fever and headache What is a seizure & what medication can be given? - ANSWER Abnormal electrical activity in the brain -->Phenytoin (Dilantin) What labs are to be ordered for a suspected seizure? - ANSWER -EEG (to detect abnormal brain activity) -EKG -MRI What is status epilepticus? - ANSWER When a seizure lasts longer than 3-5 mins What do you see when a person is having a seizure? - ANSWER Jerking, Twitching, loss of consciousness
What is the onset of dementia? - ANSWER Gradual--
months to years Alzheimer's is a type of what? - ANSWER dementia Medications for Alzheimer's - ANSWER Donepezil (aricept) Rivastigimine (exelon) Galantamine (razadyne) Memantine (namenda) What medication ha been approved for treatment of moderate to severe Alzheimers? - ANSWER Donepezil (aricept) Memantine (namenda) Elimination - ANSWER Act of removal of waste materials from the body What two systems are responsible for elimination? - ANSWER Urinary and Digestive Anuria - ANSWER lack of urine
Dysuria - ANSWER painful urination oliguria - ANSWER Decreased urine output (less than 30mL) polyuria - ANSWER excessive urination nocturia - ANSWER excessive urination at night hematuria - ANSWER blood in the urine What is BPH - ANSWER benign prostatic hyperplasia (enlarged prostate) which compresses the urethra s/s: difficulty starting urinating stream dribbling urinary retention Overflow High risk for UTI
Types of urinary incontinence - ANSWER -Stress (small amounts during physical movements) -urge (leaking during unexpected times including sleep) -Functional (bladder functions normally but voids inappropriately. -Overflow (loss of urine associated with a full bladder) hemorrhoids and constipation - ANSWER Problems with bowel control What is the most common test for a UTI? - ANSWER Urinalysis Common Renal function test? - ANSWER BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen) & Creatine BUN can be increased by - ANSWER Kidney failure, Sepsis, Dehydration, GI Bleed acute renal failure (AKI) - ANSWER sudden loss of kidney function cause Stages: oliguria LOW urine output (less than 400mL/day) hypervolemic (not excreting from the kidneys) "Pre renal"
-hypotension -severe dehydration -blood loss What is a urine culture and sensitivity? - ANSWER identify bacteria or yeast causing a urinary tract infection (UTI) Culture: identifies the bacteria & Sensitivity: determines which antibiotic Prostate problems are no FUN - ANSWER F- Frequency U- Urgency N- Nocturia malabsorption - ANSWER a condition in which the small intestine cannot absorb nutrients from food that passes through it diarrhea - ANSWER frequent passage of loose, watery stools constipation - ANSWER Hard, slow stools that are difficult to eliminate; often a result of too little fiber in the diet
