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NUR 8022 EXAM 2 2025-2026 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS (University of Cincinnati), Exams of Nursing

NUR 8022 EXAM 2 2025-2026 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS (University of Cincinnati) Substance is transported in the same direction as the "driver" ion (Na+). This action is called . Secondary Active Transport; Co-transport Substance is transported in the opposite direction as the driver ion Na+. This action is called . Counter transport How do cardiac glycosides increase cardiac contractility? Increase intracellular Ca2+ are determined by size, shape, distribution of charge ungated Ion Channels

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NUR 8022 EXAM 2 2025-2026 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS (University of Cincinnati)
Substance is transported in the same direction as the "driver" ion (Na+). This
action is called .
Secondary Active Transport; Co-transport
Substance is transported in the opposite direction as the driver ion Na+. This action
is called .
Counter transport
How do cardiac glycosides increase cardiac contractility?
Increase intracellular Ca2+
are determined by size, shape, distribution of charge
ungated Ion Channels
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NUR 8022 EXAM 2 2025-2026 QUESTIONS AND

CORRECT ANSWERS (University of Cincinnati)

Substance is transported in the same direction as the "driver" ion (Na+). This action is called.

Secondary Active Transport; Co-transport

Substance is transported in the opposite direction as the driver ion Na+. This action is called.

Counter transport

How do cardiac glycosides increase cardiac contractility?

Increase intracellular Ca2+

are determined by size, shape, distribution of charge

ungated Ion Channels

are determined by: Voltage dependent Na+ channels) & Chemically (e.g. Nicotinic AcH receptor channels)

Gated Ion Channels

Conductance depends on probability that channel is open. These are called .

Ion Channels

is the diffusion potential that exactly balances or opposes the tendency for diffusion down the concentration difference.

Equilibrium Potential

If a membrane were permeable to only K+ then K+ would diffuse down its concentration gradient until the electrical potential across the membrane countered diffusion. (moving from inside the cell down its concentration gradient to the outside of the cell).

(blank)

If the membrane were only permeate to K+; the Vm would be -94mv. This concept is called.

Potassium Nernst Potential also called equilibrium potential

are channels, pores, carriers, enzymes, receptors, second messengers

Integral proteins

are Enzymes, intracellular, signal mediators

Peripheral proteins

is converted to ADP to produce energy; chemical bonds between 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups have abundant energy

ATP

occurs down a concentration gradient; from HIGH to LOW concentration. will not occur if the membrane is non permeable to the molecule

Simple/passive diffusion

● Complete cessation of respirations and circulation

● Algor mortis: Reduced temperature

● Livor mortis: Purple skin discoloration

● Rigor mortis: Muscle stiffening

● Postmortem autolysis: Putrefactive changes associated with the release of enzymes and lytic dissolution

Somatic Death

  1. Concentration difference (high to low)
  2. Electrical Potential (EMF)- charge difference on each side of the membrane matters TOO!
  3. Pressure difference (higher pressure results in increased energy)

Factors that affect the net rate of diffusion (3)

is the passive transport of fluid across a membrane; from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration (high FLUID to low FLUID)

Osmosis

Action in which molecules are "pumped" against ("uphill") a concentration; DIRECT USE OF ENERGY

Primary Active Transport

Sodium Potassium Pump

is the process during the action potential when sodium is rushing into the cell causing the interior to become more positive. (less negative)

Depolarization

is the movement of the membrane potential of a cell away from rest potential in a more negative direction.

Hyperpolarization

Membrane potential at which occurrence of the AP is inevitable is called .

Threshold potential

is a portion of the AP where the membrane potential is positive (cell interior is positive).

Overshoot

is a portion of the AP, followed by repolarization where at membrane potential is more negative than at rest.

Undershoot also called hyper polarizing

Flow of positive charge into the cell

These currents depolarize the membrane potential (or make it less negative and more positive)

Ex: Na+ flow into the cell during the UPSTROKE of the AP

Inward current

Flow of positive charge out of the cell; these currents hyper polarize the membrane potential (making the membrane more negative and less positive)

Example: flow of K+ out of the cell during the depolarization phase of AP, creating down stroke

Outward Current

Electrical synapse

Gap between the presynaptic membrane and the postsynaptic cell membrane called the synaptic cleft. This location is called.

Chemical synapse

AP in presynaptic cells causes

Ca2+ channels to open

and diffuses across the synaptic cleft

Neurotransmitter is released

Neurotransmitters bind to

Receptors on postsynaptic membrane

What action causes depolarization of postsynaptic cell (more positive)

Excitatory

What action will cause hyper polarization of the postsynaptic cell (making the cell negative)

Inhibitory

Specialized synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber is called .

Neuromuscular Transmission

Where does synapse occur?

On the motor end plate

What occurs to produce: An end plate potential; which will normally initiate an AP if the local spread of current is sufficient to open voltage sodium channels.

Opening of the nACh receptor channels produces:

Inhibitor drug: Block nicotinic Ach channels by competing for AcH binding site

reduces amplitude of end plate potential therefore no AP

a is a functional contracting unit of the muscle fiber.

Sarcomere

myosin is a

Thick filament

Actin, tropomyosin and troponin all make up

Thin filaments

attaches troponin complex to tropomyosin

Troponin T

Along with tropomyosin, inhibits the interaction of actin and myosin by covering myosin binding site of actin

Troponin I

is a Ca2+ binding protein that plays central role in the initiation of contraction

Troponin C

What is important in excitation contraction coupling?

Calcium. Think Digoxin.

As long as intracellular Ca2+ is low, cross bridge cycling cannot occur and muscle contraction

Relaxation in muscle contraction

The intracellular Ca2+ contraction never returns to the low levels that exist during relaxation; results in continued binding of Ca2+ to troponin C..

Tetanus

includes an Increase in actin and myosin. Caused by near maximal force development (eg. weight lifting)

Hypertrophy

is the formation of new muscle fibers (rare) (e.g endurance training) Increased rate of cell division; liver

A body tissue that covers the surfaces of the body, inside and out is called .

Epithelial tissue

A body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all of its parts; bone, cartilage, adipose (fatty tissue) is called.

Connective tissue

A body tissue that contracts or shortens, making body parts move. Has generous blood supply

muscle tissue

A body tissue that carries electrical messages back and forth between the brain and every other part of the body is called.

Nervous tissue

is a decrease in cell size

Atrophy

is an increase in cell size. excessive development; increased work demand or hormones

hypertrophy

increase in number of cells

Hyperplasia

is when a Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type

Metaplasia

is when an abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs; does not indicate cancer

Dysplasia

  1. ATP depletion
  2. Oxygen and oxygen deprived free radicals
  3. Intracellular calcium increases.
  4. Defects in membrane permeability. All examples of the pathophysiology of .

Cellular Injury (4)

Exposure to during neurologic development can lead to delays; can cause anemia, adults PNS, children CNS.

Lead

A colorless, odorless gas that occurs as a by-product of fuel combustion that may result in death in poorly ventilated areas. Directly reduces oxygen carrying capacity of the blood

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

results in nutritional deficiencies (folate)

ethanol (alcohol)

Fishand dental amalgames; nursing women should avoid

Mercury

meth, marijuana, cocaine, heroin are all examples of.

Social or street drugs

Unintential and intentional injury; falls, MVC, wounds are all examples of .

Physical injury

Pathogenicity of a microorganism

Disease-producing potential

Invasion and destruction

Toxin production

Production of hypersensitivity reactions. The above is cause by.

Infectious injuries

Phagocytic cells

Immune and inflammatory substances

Histamine, antibodies, lymphokines, complement, and proteases

Membrane alterations. The above is cause by.

immunologic and inflammatory injury

Nuclear alterations; alterations in plasma membrane. Both are caused by.

Infections genetic and epigenetic factors