Download NUR 8022 EXAM 2 2025-2026 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS (University of Cincinnati) and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!
NUR 8022 EXAM 2 2025-2026 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS (University of Cincinnati)
Substance is transported in the same direction as the "driver" ion (Na+). This action is called.
Secondary Active Transport; Co-transport
Substance is transported in the opposite direction as the driver ion Na+. This action is called.
Counter transport
How do cardiac glycosides increase cardiac contractility?
Increase intracellular Ca2+
are determined by size, shape, distribution of charge
ungated Ion Channels
are determined by: Voltage dependent Na+ channels) & Chemically (e.g. Nicotinic AcH receptor channels)
Gated Ion Channels
Conductance depends on probability that channel is open. These are called .
Ion Channels
is the diffusion potential that exactly balances or opposes the tendency for diffusion down the concentration difference.
Equilibrium Potential
If a membrane were permeable to only K+ then K+ would diffuse down its concentration gradient until the electrical potential across the membrane countered diffusion. (moving from inside the cell down its concentration gradient to the outside of the cell).
(blank)
If the membrane were only permeate to K+; the Vm would be -94mv. This concept is called.
Potassium Nernst Potential also called equilibrium potential
are channels, pores, carriers, enzymes, receptors, second messengers
Integral proteins
are Enzymes, intracellular, signal mediators
Peripheral proteins
is converted to ADP to produce energy; chemical bonds between 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups have abundant energy
ATP
occurs down a concentration gradient; from HIGH to LOW concentration. will not occur if the membrane is non permeable to the molecule
Simple/passive diffusion
● Complete cessation of respirations and circulation
● Algor mortis: Reduced temperature
● Livor mortis: Purple skin discoloration
● Rigor mortis: Muscle stiffening
● Postmortem autolysis: Putrefactive changes associated with the release of enzymes and lytic dissolution
Somatic Death
- Concentration difference (high to low)
- Electrical Potential (EMF)- charge difference on each side of the membrane matters TOO!
- Pressure difference (higher pressure results in increased energy)
Factors that affect the net rate of diffusion (3)
is the passive transport of fluid across a membrane; from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration (high FLUID to low FLUID)
Osmosis
Action in which molecules are "pumped" against ("uphill") a concentration; DIRECT USE OF ENERGY
Primary Active Transport
Sodium Potassium Pump
is the process during the action potential when sodium is rushing into the cell causing the interior to become more positive. (less negative)
Depolarization
is the movement of the membrane potential of a cell away from rest potential in a more negative direction.
Hyperpolarization
Membrane potential at which occurrence of the AP is inevitable is called .
Threshold potential
is a portion of the AP where the membrane potential is positive (cell interior is positive).
Overshoot
is a portion of the AP, followed by repolarization where at membrane potential is more negative than at rest.
Undershoot also called hyper polarizing
Flow of positive charge into the cell
These currents depolarize the membrane potential (or make it less negative and more positive)
Ex: Na+ flow into the cell during the UPSTROKE of the AP
Inward current
Flow of positive charge out of the cell; these currents hyper polarize the membrane potential (making the membrane more negative and less positive)
Example: flow of K+ out of the cell during the depolarization phase of AP, creating down stroke
Outward Current
Electrical synapse
Gap between the presynaptic membrane and the postsynaptic cell membrane called the synaptic cleft. This location is called.
Chemical synapse
AP in presynaptic cells causes
Ca2+ channels to open
and diffuses across the synaptic cleft
Neurotransmitter is released
Neurotransmitters bind to
Receptors on postsynaptic membrane
What action causes depolarization of postsynaptic cell (more positive)
Excitatory
What action will cause hyper polarization of the postsynaptic cell (making the cell negative)
Inhibitory
Specialized synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber is called .
Neuromuscular Transmission
Where does synapse occur?
On the motor end plate
What occurs to produce: An end plate potential; which will normally initiate an AP if the local spread of current is sufficient to open voltage sodium channels.
Opening of the nACh receptor channels produces:
Inhibitor drug: Block nicotinic Ach channels by competing for AcH binding site
reduces amplitude of end plate potential therefore no AP
a is a functional contracting unit of the muscle fiber.
Sarcomere
myosin is a
Thick filament
Actin, tropomyosin and troponin all make up
Thin filaments
attaches troponin complex to tropomyosin
Troponin T
Along with tropomyosin, inhibits the interaction of actin and myosin by covering myosin binding site of actin
Troponin I
is a Ca2+ binding protein that plays central role in the initiation of contraction
Troponin C
What is important in excitation contraction coupling?
Calcium. Think Digoxin.
As long as intracellular Ca2+ is low, cross bridge cycling cannot occur and muscle contraction
Relaxation in muscle contraction
The intracellular Ca2+ contraction never returns to the low levels that exist during relaxation; results in continued binding of Ca2+ to troponin C..
Tetanus
includes an Increase in actin and myosin. Caused by near maximal force development (eg. weight lifting)
Hypertrophy
is the formation of new muscle fibers (rare) (e.g endurance training) Increased rate of cell division; liver
A body tissue that covers the surfaces of the body, inside and out is called .
Epithelial tissue
A body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all of its parts; bone, cartilage, adipose (fatty tissue) is called.
Connective tissue
A body tissue that contracts or shortens, making body parts move. Has generous blood supply
muscle tissue
A body tissue that carries electrical messages back and forth between the brain and every other part of the body is called.
Nervous tissue
is a decrease in cell size
Atrophy
is an increase in cell size. excessive development; increased work demand or hormones
hypertrophy
increase in number of cells
Hyperplasia
is when a Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type
Metaplasia
is when an abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs; does not indicate cancer
Dysplasia
- ATP depletion
- Oxygen and oxygen deprived free radicals
- Intracellular calcium increases.
- Defects in membrane permeability. All examples of the pathophysiology of .
Cellular Injury (4)
Exposure to during neurologic development can lead to delays; can cause anemia, adults PNS, children CNS.
Lead
A colorless, odorless gas that occurs as a by-product of fuel combustion that may result in death in poorly ventilated areas. Directly reduces oxygen carrying capacity of the blood
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
results in nutritional deficiencies (folate)
ethanol (alcohol)
Fishand dental amalgames; nursing women should avoid
Mercury
meth, marijuana, cocaine, heroin are all examples of.
Social or street drugs
Unintential and intentional injury; falls, MVC, wounds are all examples of .
Physical injury
Pathogenicity of a microorganism
Disease-producing potential
Invasion and destruction
Toxin production
Production of hypersensitivity reactions. The above is cause by.
Infectious injuries
Phagocytic cells
Immune and inflammatory substances
Histamine, antibodies, lymphokines, complement, and proteases
Membrane alterations. The above is cause by.
immunologic and inflammatory injury
Nuclear alterations; alterations in plasma membrane. Both are caused by.
Infections genetic and epigenetic factors
