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NUR 8022 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
EXAM 1 2025-2026 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS (University of Cincinnati)
The resting membrane potential is closest to the equilibrium potential for the ion with the highest permeability! This concept is called.
The Goldman Hodgkin Katz Equation
is the process during the action potential when sodium is rushing into the cell causing the interior to become more positive. (less negative)
Depolarization
is the movement of the membrane potential of a cell away from rest potential in a more negative direction.
Hyperpolarization
Membrane potential at which occurrence of the AP is inevitable is called .
Threshold potential
is a portion of the AP where the membrane potential is positive (cell interior is positive).
Overshoot
is a portion of the AP, followed by repolarization where at membrane potential is more negative than at rest.
Undershoot also called hyper polarizing
Flow of positive charge into the cell
These currents depolarize the membrane potential (or make it less negative and more positive)
Ex: Na+ flow into the cell during the UPSTROKE of the AP
Inward current
Promotes stability; cancels out the original response. Ex: High FSBS, increased insulin by the pancreas
Negative Feedback
Promotes a change in one direction; instability, DISEASE. Ex: Blood clotting, platelet cascade
Positive Feedback
AD
provide selectivity to a membrane
Proteins
are channels, pores, carriers, enzymes, receptors, second messengers
Integral proteins
are Enzymes, intracellular, signal mediators
Peripheral proteins
is converted to ADP to produce energy; chemical bonds between 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups have abundant energy
ATP
occurs down a concentration gradient; from HIGH to LOW concentration. will not occur if the membrane is non permeable to the molecule
Simple/passive diffusion
● Complete cessation of respirations and circulation
● Algor mortis: Reduced temperature
● Livor mortis: Purple skin discoloration
● Rigor mortis: Muscle stiffening
● Postmortem autolysis: Putrefactive changes associated with the release of enzymes and lytic dissolution
Somatic Death
- Concentration difference (high to low)
- Electrical Potential (EMF)- charge difference on each side of the membrane matters TOO!
-Requires one to two thirds of cells energy
Na+- K+ ATPase (also known as the sodium-potassium pump)
maintains a low cytosolic Ca2+ concentration
Ca2+ ATPase
is found in parietal cells of gastric glands (HCl secretion) and intercalated cells of renal tubules (controls blood pH)
- Concentrates H+ ions up to 1 million-fold
H+ ATPase
(3) Sodium is pumped out of the cell. (2) potassium is pumped in. This action is called.
Sodium Potassium Pump
Substance is transported in the same direction as the "driver" ion (Na+). This action is called.
Secondary Active Transport; Co-transport
Substance is transported in the opposite direction as the driver ion Na+. This action is called.
Counter transport
How do cardiac glycosides increase cardiac contractility?
Increase intracellular Ca2+
are determined by size, shape, distribution of charge
ungated Ion Channels
are determined by: Voltage dependent Na+ channels) & Chemically (e.g. Nicotinic AcH receptor channels)
Gated Ion Channels
Conductance depends on probability that channel is open. These are called .
Ion Channels
Sheath interrupted every 1-3mm, occurs where? (this is also where action potentials occur)
Node of Ranvier
Current flow from one excitable cell to the next through space between cells called gap junctions. This location is called.
Electrical synapse
Gap between the presynaptic membrane and the postsynaptic cell membrane called the synaptic cleft. This location is called.
Chemical synapse
AP in presynaptic cells causes
Ca2+ channels to open
AD
and diffuses across the synaptic cleft
Neurotransmitter is released
Neurotransmitters bind to
Receptors on postsynaptic membrane
What action causes depolarization of postsynaptic cell (more positive)
Excitatory
What action will cause hyper polarization of the postsynaptic cell (making the cell negative)
Inhibitory
Specialized synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber is called .
Neuromuscular Transmission
Where does synapse occur?
On the motor end plate
AD
inactivate acetylcholinesterase; can treat MG
Anti AcHe drugs (neostigmine, physostigmine, diisopropyl flurophosphate or "nerve gas")
Which Autoimmune disorder that attacks Ach nicotinic cholinergic receptors at NM junction. This results in weakness in face and legs. Treatments include anti- cholinesterase's and immunosuppressive drugs.
Myesthenia Gravis
a is a functional contracting unit of the muscle fiber.
Sarcomere
myosin is a
Thick filament
Actin, tropomyosin and troponin all make up
Thin filaments
attaches troponin complex to tropomyosin
Troponin T
Along with tropomyosin, inhibits the interaction of actin and myosin by covering myosin binding site of actin
Troponin I
is a Ca2+ binding protein that plays central role in the initiation of contraction
Troponin C
What is important in excitation contraction coupling?
Calcium. Think Digoxin.
As long as intracellular Ca2+ is low, cross bridge cycling cannot occur and muscle contraction
Relaxation in muscle contraction
2 Major Neurotransmitters in smooth muscle that are both excitatory and inhibitory.
Ach and norepinephrine
Contractile process activated by Ca2+ ions and ATP that is broken down to ADP. •No troponin complex. Contains “sidepolar” cross-bridges
How is smooth muscle controlled?
A body tissue that covers the surfaces of the body, inside and out is called .
Epithelial tissue
A body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all of its parts; bone, cartilage, adipose (fatty tissue) is called.
Connective tissue
A body tissue that contracts or shortens, making body parts move. Has generous blood supply
muscle tissue
A body tissue that carries electrical messages back and forth between the brain and every other part of the body is called.
Nervous tissue
is a decrease in cell size
Atrophy
is an increase in cell size. excessive development; increased work demand or hormones
hypertrophy
increase in number of cells
Hyperplasia
is when a Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type
Metaplasia
Electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having an unpaired electron that damage:
Lipid peroxidation
Alteration of proteins
Alteration of DNA
Mitochondria. These are called.
Free radicals and reactive oxygen species
is a direct toxicity to the cell.
e.g. lead, ethanol, carbon monoxide, mercury.
Chemical injury
Exposure to during neurologic development can lead to delays; can cause anemia, adults PNS, children CNS.
Lead
A colorless, odorless gas that occurs as a by-product of fuel combustion that may result in death in poorly ventilated areas. Directly reduces oxygen carrying capacity of the blood
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
results in nutritional deficiencies (folate)
ethanol (alcohol)
Fishand dental amalgames; nursing women should avoid
Mercury
meth, marijuana, cocaine, heroin are all examples of.
Social or street drugs
Unintential and intentional injury; falls, MVC, wounds are all examples of .
Physical injury
Pathogenicity of a microorganism
Disease-producing potential
Invasion and destruction
Toxin production
Production of hypersensitivity reactions. The above is cause by.
