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NUR 8022 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1 2025-2026 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS (Universi, Exams of Nursing

NUR 8022 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1 2025-2026 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS (University of Cincinnati) The resting membrane potential is closest to the equilibrium potential for the ion with the highest permeability! This concept is called . The Goldman Hodgkin Katz Equation is the process during the action potential when sodium is rushing into the cell causing the interior to become more positive. (less negative) Depolarization is the movement of the membrane potential of a cell away from rest potential in a more negative direction. Hyperpolarization Membrane potential at which occurrence of the AP is inevitable is called . Threshold potential

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NUR 8022 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
EXAM 1 2025-2026 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS (University of Cincinnati)
The resting membrane potential is closest to the equilibrium potential for the ion
with the highest permeability! This concept is called .
The Goldman Hodgkin Katz Equation
is the process during the action potential when sodium is rushing into
the cell causing the interior to become more positive. (less negative)
Depolarization
is the movement of the membrane potential of a cell away from rest
potential in a more negative direction.
Hyperpolarization
Membrane potential at which occurrence of the AP is inevitable is called
.
Threshold potential
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NUR 8022 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

EXAM 1 2025-2026 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT

ANSWERS (University of Cincinnati)

The resting membrane potential is closest to the equilibrium potential for the ion with the highest permeability! This concept is called.

The Goldman Hodgkin Katz Equation

is the process during the action potential when sodium is rushing into the cell causing the interior to become more positive. (less negative)

Depolarization

is the movement of the membrane potential of a cell away from rest potential in a more negative direction.

Hyperpolarization

Membrane potential at which occurrence of the AP is inevitable is called .

Threshold potential

is a portion of the AP where the membrane potential is positive (cell interior is positive).

Overshoot

is a portion of the AP, followed by repolarization where at membrane potential is more negative than at rest.

Undershoot also called hyper polarizing

Flow of positive charge into the cell

These currents depolarize the membrane potential (or make it less negative and more positive)

Ex: Na+ flow into the cell during the UPSTROKE of the AP

Inward current

Promotes stability; cancels out the original response. Ex: High FSBS, increased insulin by the pancreas

Negative Feedback

Promotes a change in one direction; instability, DISEASE. Ex: Blood clotting, platelet cascade

Positive Feedback

AD

provide selectivity to a membrane

Proteins

are channels, pores, carriers, enzymes, receptors, second messengers

Integral proteins

are Enzymes, intracellular, signal mediators

Peripheral proteins

is converted to ADP to produce energy; chemical bonds between 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups have abundant energy

ATP

occurs down a concentration gradient; from HIGH to LOW concentration. will not occur if the membrane is non permeable to the molecule

Simple/passive diffusion

● Complete cessation of respirations and circulation

● Algor mortis: Reduced temperature

● Livor mortis: Purple skin discoloration

● Rigor mortis: Muscle stiffening

● Postmortem autolysis: Putrefactive changes associated with the release of enzymes and lytic dissolution

Somatic Death

  1. Concentration difference (high to low)
  2. Electrical Potential (EMF)- charge difference on each side of the membrane matters TOO!

-Requires one to two thirds of cells energy

Na+- K+ ATPase (also known as the sodium-potassium pump)

maintains a low cytosolic Ca2+ concentration

Ca2+ ATPase

is found in parietal cells of gastric glands (HCl secretion) and intercalated cells of renal tubules (controls blood pH)

  • Concentrates H+ ions up to 1 million-fold

H+ ATPase

(3) Sodium is pumped out of the cell. (2) potassium is pumped in. This action is called.

Sodium Potassium Pump

Substance is transported in the same direction as the "driver" ion (Na+). This action is called.

Secondary Active Transport; Co-transport

Substance is transported in the opposite direction as the driver ion Na+. This action is called.

Counter transport

How do cardiac glycosides increase cardiac contractility?

Increase intracellular Ca2+

are determined by size, shape, distribution of charge

ungated Ion Channels

are determined by: Voltage dependent Na+ channels) & Chemically (e.g. Nicotinic AcH receptor channels)

Gated Ion Channels

Conductance depends on probability that channel is open. These are called .

Ion Channels

Sheath interrupted every 1-3mm, occurs where? (this is also where action potentials occur)

Node of Ranvier

Current flow from one excitable cell to the next through space between cells called gap junctions. This location is called.

Electrical synapse

Gap between the presynaptic membrane and the postsynaptic cell membrane called the synaptic cleft. This location is called.

Chemical synapse

AP in presynaptic cells causes

Ca2+ channels to open

AD

and diffuses across the synaptic cleft

Neurotransmitter is released

Neurotransmitters bind to

Receptors on postsynaptic membrane

What action causes depolarization of postsynaptic cell (more positive)

Excitatory

What action will cause hyper polarization of the postsynaptic cell (making the cell negative)

Inhibitory

Specialized synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber is called .

Neuromuscular Transmission

Where does synapse occur?

On the motor end plate

AD

inactivate acetylcholinesterase; can treat MG

Anti AcHe drugs (neostigmine, physostigmine, diisopropyl flurophosphate or "nerve gas")

Which Autoimmune disorder that attacks Ach nicotinic cholinergic receptors at NM junction. This results in weakness in face and legs. Treatments include anti- cholinesterase's and immunosuppressive drugs.

Myesthenia Gravis

a is a functional contracting unit of the muscle fiber.

Sarcomere

myosin is a

Thick filament

Actin, tropomyosin and troponin all make up

Thin filaments

attaches troponin complex to tropomyosin

Troponin T

Along with tropomyosin, inhibits the interaction of actin and myosin by covering myosin binding site of actin

Troponin I

is a Ca2+ binding protein that plays central role in the initiation of contraction

Troponin C

What is important in excitation contraction coupling?

Calcium. Think Digoxin.

As long as intracellular Ca2+ is low, cross bridge cycling cannot occur and muscle contraction

Relaxation in muscle contraction

2 Major Neurotransmitters in smooth muscle that are both excitatory and inhibitory.

Ach and norepinephrine

Contractile process activated by Ca2+ ions and ATP that is broken down to ADP. •No troponin complex. Contains “sidepolar” cross-bridges

How is smooth muscle controlled?

A body tissue that covers the surfaces of the body, inside and out is called .

Epithelial tissue

A body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all of its parts; bone, cartilage, adipose (fatty tissue) is called.

Connective tissue

A body tissue that contracts or shortens, making body parts move. Has generous blood supply

muscle tissue

A body tissue that carries electrical messages back and forth between the brain and every other part of the body is called.

Nervous tissue

is a decrease in cell size

Atrophy

is an increase in cell size. excessive development; increased work demand or hormones

hypertrophy

increase in number of cells

Hyperplasia

is when a Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type

Metaplasia

Electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having an unpaired electron that damage:

Lipid peroxidation

Alteration of proteins

Alteration of DNA

Mitochondria. These are called.

Free radicals and reactive oxygen species

is a direct toxicity to the cell.

e.g. lead, ethanol, carbon monoxide, mercury.

Chemical injury

Exposure to during neurologic development can lead to delays; can cause anemia, adults PNS, children CNS.

Lead

A colorless, odorless gas that occurs as a by-product of fuel combustion that may result in death in poorly ventilated areas. Directly reduces oxygen carrying capacity of the blood

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

results in nutritional deficiencies (folate)

ethanol (alcohol)

Fishand dental amalgames; nursing women should avoid

Mercury

meth, marijuana, cocaine, heroin are all examples of.

Social or street drugs

Unintential and intentional injury; falls, MVC, wounds are all examples of .

Physical injury

Pathogenicity of a microorganism

Disease-producing potential

Invasion and destruction

Toxin production

Production of hypersensitivity reactions. The above is cause by.