Download NUR 612 |QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | 2025-2026 | GRADED A+ and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!
NUR 612 |QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | 2025-2026 |
GRADED A+
Pathophysiology The study of the cellular and organ changes that occur with disease and the effects that these changes have on total body function Reliability Ability of a test to yield very similar scores for the same individual over repeated testings Validity The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to Sensitivity Refers to the proportion of people with a disease who are positive for the disease on a given test ( true positive) Specificity
Refers to the proportion of people without a disease who are negative on a given test (true negative) Predictive value Extent to which a test can differentiate between presence or absence of a person's condition Incidence The number or rate of new cases of a particular condition during a specific time. Prevalence The number or proportion of cases of a particular disease or condition present in a population at a given time. Primary prevention Efforts to prevent an injury or illness from ever occurring. Secondary prevention
Clinical practice guidelines Give specific recommendations for evidence-based decision making Etiology Cause of disease; what set the disease in motion Pathogenesis Explains how the disease evolves; the sequence of cellular and tissue events that take place from the time of initial contact with an etiologic agent until the ultimate expression of a disease Morphologic changes Concerned with both the gross anatomic and microscopic changes that are characteristic of a disease Symptom Subjective evidence of a disease, such as pain or a headache
Sign Manifestation that is noted by an observer Syndrome Compilation of signs and symptoms that are characteristic of a specific disease state Diagnosis Designation as to the nature or cause of a health problem Clinical course The evolution of the disease Histology The study of the microscopic structure of tissues Lesion A pathologic change of the tissues due to disease or injury
Potassium 3.5-5.0 meq/L Chloride 95 - 105 Glucose 65 - 120 BUN 10 - 20 mg/dl Creatinine 0.6-1.2 mg/dl Total serum protein 6.4-8.3 g/dl
Albumin 3.5-5 g/dl Albumin/Globulin Ratio
Uric acid 3.5-7.5 mg/dl Iron 50 - 150 mcg/dl TIBC (total iron binding capacity) Normal 250- 450
AST
Total bilirubin 0.1-1.0 mg/dl Direct bilirubin 0.1-0.3 mg/dl LDH 30 - 200 Homeostasis The purposeful maintenance of a stable internal environment by coordinated physiologic processes that oppose change.
Negative feedback A primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a physiological variable that is being monitored triggers a response that counteracts the initial fluctuation. Positive feedback A physiological control mechanism in which a change in some variable triggers mechanisms that amplify the change. Selye's definition of stress A state manifested by a specific syndrome of the body developed in response to any stimuli that made an intense systemic demand on it. Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome Three-stage process which describes the body's reaction to stress: 1) alarm reaction, 2) resistance, 3) exahaustion PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder) The chronic activation of the stress response as a result of experiencing a potentially life-threatening event
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (Anterior pituitary) stimulates the synthesis and release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex Glucocorticoids (e.g. Cortisol) (Adrenal cortex) potentiates the actions of epinephrine and glucagon; inhibits the release and/or actions of the reproductive hormones and TSH; and produces a decrease in immune cells and inflammatory mediators. Mineralocorticoids (e.g. Aldosterone) (Adrenal cortex) increases sodium absorption by the kidney. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (Hypothalamus, posterior pituitary) increases water absorption by the kidney; produces vasoconstriction of blood vessels; and stimulates the release of ACTH. Allostasis Process by which the body achieves stability through physiological change
Four stages of fever Prodrome, chill, flush, defervescence Fever of unknown origin (FUO) Temp >38.3 for 3 weeks or longer; @ least 1 week of comprehensive diagnostic testing that doesn't identify a diagnosis Fever Upward displacement of the thermostatic set point with a change of the set point of the hypothalamic thermoregulatory center Hyperthermia Increase in body temperature that occurs without a change in the set point of the hypothalamic thermoregulatory center Malignant hyperthermia
Isometric exercise Activity that uses muscle tension to improve muscular strength with little or no movement of the body part; builds muscle mass Benefits of exercise Decreased LDL, increased HDL, better glucose control, improved activity tolerance, improved self esteem, improved QOL Cardiopulmonary response to exercise Think sympathetic response, fight or flight Type I fibers (red muscle) Slow twitch, more energy efficient, lower intensity for longer duration, higher concentrations myoglobulin/mitochondria, fatigue resistant, higher blood flow Type II fibers (white) Fast twitch, sprint, anaerobic metabolism
Acute Fatigue Lasting <4 weeks, due to exhaustion, better with rest Intermittent fever One in which temperature returns to normal at least once every 24 hours Remittent fever Fever in which temperature fluctuates greatly but never falls to the normal level. Sustained fever Fever that is constant or not fluctuating Recurrent fever Fever that returns after a remission
Division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells Energy yield of glycolysis 2 NADH and 2 ATP Autocrine signaling Cells respond to signaling substances that they themselves secrete Paracrine signaling Acts on nearby cells Endocrine signaling Relies on hormones carried in the bloodstream to cells throughout the body Synaptic signaling Occurs in the nervous system, where neurotransmitters are released from neurons to act only on neighboring cells at synapses
Diffusion Process by which substances such as ions move down a concentration gradient from an area of greater concentration to an area of lower concentration Osmosis The diffusion of only water molecules through a membrane down the concentration gradient for water from where water is more concentrated (fewer solutes) to where water is less concentrated (more solutes) Active transport The movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy e.g. Na+/K+- atpase pump Hormonal actions: Endocrine Released to circulation to act on a target organ Hormonal action: paracrine Act locally on cells in the vicinity of where they are released
