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NUR |\ 418 |\Exam |\ 1 |\QUESTIONS |\WITH |\
ANSWERS |\ 2025
subjective |\data |\of |\cardiovascular |\system |\assessment |- |\CORRECT |
ANSWERS |\✔✔health |\information; |\history |\of |\present |\illness, |\past |
health |\history, |\past |\and |\current |\medications, |\surgery |\or |\other |
treatments objective |\data |\of |\cardiovascular |\system |\assessment |- |\CORRECT |
ANSWERS |\✔✔physical |\examination; |\vital |\signs, |\peripheral |\vascular |
system |(inspection, |\palpation, |\auscultation) S3 |\heart |\sound |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔extra |\sound |\heard |\in |\early |\diastole |(caused |\by |\passive |\filling) S4 |\heart |\sound |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔extra |\sound |\heard |\in |\late |
diastole, |\right |\before |\systole |(caused |\by |\stiff |\ventricular |\walls) troponin |(cardiac |\biomarker) |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔normal= |< |
0.5; |\overnight |\stay |\for |\observation= |\0.5-0.9; |\suspected |\MI= |\1.0 |(cath |\lab); |\rises |\within |\4-6 |\hours, |\peaks |\at |\10-24 |\hours, |\and |\is |\detected |
for |\up |\to |\10-14 |\days
electrocardiogram |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔record |\of |\the |\electrical |
activity |\of |\the |\heart echocardiogram |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔ultrasound |\of |\the |\heart |
(with |\or |\without |\contrast); |\provides |\information |\regarding |\structures |\and |\motion |\of |\heart; |\measures |\ejection |\fraction |(percentage |\of |
blood |\that |\leaves |\left |\ventricle; |\60%) coronary |\artery |\disease |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔progressive |
narrowing |\of |\coronary |\arteries |\by |\atherosclerosis; |\injury |\to |\epithelial |\cells |\in |\intima |(platelet |\aggregation, |\migration |\of |\monocytes, |
lipoproteins |\enter |\intima); |\fatty |\streak |(monocytes |\develop |\into |
macrophages, |\lipid-rich |"foam |\cells" |\develop) nonmodifiable |\risk |\factors |\for |\CAD |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔age |
(men |> |\ 45 |\years, |\women |> |\ 55 |\years), |\family |\history modifiable |\risk |\factors |\for |\CAD |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔smoking, |
inactivity, |\overweight, |\cholesterol |(high |\LDL, |\low |\HDL), |\diabetes, |
hypertension post-catheterization |\care |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Bed |\rest; |\head |\of |
bed |\no |\higher |\than |\ 30 |\degrees Monitor |\bleeding; |\newer |\collagen |\agents |\for |\hemostasis |\may |\be |
used
unstable |\angina |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔crescendo= |\more |\often |
and |\more |\severe, |\less |\relief; |\may |\see |\ST |\elevation |\on |\ECG; |
treatment |\is |\rest, |\nitroglycerin, |\drugs |\affecting |\platelets, |\and |
revascularization variant |\angina |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Prinzmetal's |(vasospasms); |
ST |\elevation |\during |\pain |\episodes; |\not |\relieved |\by |\nitro; |\treatment |
is |\calcium |\channel |\blockers nursing |\diagnoses |\for |\angina |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔1. |\acute |
chest |\pain |\related |\to |\myocardial |\ischemia
- |\knowledge |\deficit |\related |\to |\unfamiliarity |\with |\disease |\processes |
and |\treatment - |\activity |\intolerance |\related |\to |\ischemic |\changes nursing |\management |\of |\angina |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔1. |
maintain |\cardiac |\output - |\pain |\relief
- |\self-care; |\risk |\factor |\modification
- |\medications
- |\postprocedure |\observation |\and |\care |\following |\cardiac |
catheterization, |\angioplasty, |\bypass |\surgery
non-ST |\segment |\elevation |(NSTEMI) |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔usually |\indicated |\partial |\occlusion |\of |\artery ST |\segment |\elevation |(STEMI) |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔usually |
occurs |\with |\complete |\occlusion |\of |\artery collateral |\circulation |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔alternative |\routes |\that |\develop |\in |\older |\patients |(the |\longer |\you |\have |\ischemia, |\the |\more |
your |\body |\protects |\itself) primary |\angioplasty |\for |\AMI |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔get |\patient |\to |\catheterization |\lab |\for |\emergent |\percutaneous |\intervention |\of |
stenting |\if |\facilities |\are |\available; |\PCI |\should |\be |\performed |\within |
90 |\minutes |\of |\arrival |\to |\the |\emergency |\department, |\with |\a |\target |
of |\less |\than |\ 60 |\minutes |(door |\to |\balloon |\time); |\better |\outcomes |
than |\thrombolytics thrombolytic |\therapy |\for |\AMI |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔time |\is |
muscle; |\6-hour |\window |(tissue |\plasminogen |\activator |(t-Pa), |
streptokinase, |\reteplase); |\heparin |\and |\glycoprotein |\IIb |\and |\IIIa |
inhibitors CABG |\surgery |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔-provides |\additional |\conduits |\for |\blood |\flow |-Saphenous |\vein
negative |\complex |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔seen |\if |\the |
depolarization |\wave |\spreads |\toward |\the |\negative |\pole |(away |\from |
positive |\pole; |\downward) biphasic |\complex |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔seen |\if |\the |\mean |
direction |\of |\the |\wave |\is |\at |\right |\angles |(partly |\positive, |\partly |
negative); |\this |\applies |\to |\the |\P |\wave, |\QRS |\complex, |\and |\T |\wave lead |\I |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔records |\flow |\from |\right |\arm |\to |\left |
arm lead |\II |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔records |\flow |\from |\right |\arm |\to |\left |
leg lead |\III |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔records |\flow |\from |\left |\arm |\to |\left |
leg cardiac |\monitoring |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔continuous |\monitoring |
via |\3-lead |\or |\5-lead |\systems; |\record |\and |\interpret |\6-second |\strip |
every |\ 4 |\hours***check |\hospital |\protocol |\for |\how |\often |\a |\strip |\is |
recorded, |\charted, |\or |\checked; |\monitor |\ST |\segment/dysrhythmias; |
daily |\12-lead |\ECG |\for |\cardiac |\patients vertical |\boxes |\on |\EKG |\paper |\measures |\in |(_) |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |
✔✔voltage |\and |\amplitude
horizontal |\boxes |\on |\EKG |\paper |\measures |\in |(_) |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔time |(seconds) PR |\interval |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔the |\time |\recorded |\from |\the |
start |\of |\the |\P |\wave |\to |\the |\start |\of |\the |\QRS |(0.12 |\to |\0.20 |\seconds; |\3- 5 |\small |\boxes) QRS |\complex |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔represents |\ventricular |
depolarization |(0.06 |\to |\0.11 |\seconds; |\less |\than |\ 3 |\small |\boxes) ST |\segment |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔the |\time |\between |\ventricular |
depolarization |\and |\repolarization |(should |\be |\flat |\and |\isoelectric) T |\wave |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔represents |\ventricular |
repolarization; |\upright |\and |\rounded QT |\interval |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔0.32 |\to |\0.50 |\seconds; |\the |
slower |\the |\heart |\rate, |\the |\longer |\the |\interval; |\and |\vice |\versa |(ALL |
antiemetics |\will |\lengthen |\this) U |\wave |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔origin |\is |\unknown P |\wave |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔represents |\atrial |\depolarization
What |\drugs |\might |\cause |\bradycardia? |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔beta |\blockers, |\digoxin, |\calcium |\channel |\blockers, |\sedatives, |\and |
narcotics atrial |\dysrhythmias |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔increase |\automaticity |\in |\the |\atrium |(sinus |\node |\is |\overpowered); |\generally |\have |\P |\wave |
changes; |\causes |\include |\stress, |\alcohol, |\electrolyte |\imbalances, |
hypoxia, |\hypothermia, |\atrial |\injury, |\pericarditis, |\digitalis |\toxicity; |\and |\hyperthyroidism |(heart |\rate |\increases |\significantly) atrial |\fibrillation |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔erratic |\impulse |\formation |
in |\atria; |\no |\discernible |\P |\wave; |\irregular |\ventricular |\rate; |\abnormal |
ventricular |\conduction |\can |\occur; |\results |\in |\loss |\of |\atrial |\kick |(NO |
ATRIAL |\CONTRACTION; |\down |\about |\20% |\of |\normal |\cardiac |\output; |
PASSIVE |\blood |\flow); |\high |\risk |\for |\pulmonary |\or |\systemic |\emboli; |
less |\than |\ 5 |\minutes |\for |\a |\clot |\to |\from |\so |\anticoagulants |\are |\given |
(reported |\as |\palpitations) supraventricular |\tachycardia |(SVT) |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔several |
arrhythmias |\that |\origniate |\above |\the |\AV |\node; |\the |\rhythm |\is |
regular |\with |\a |\narrow |\QRS |\complex |\and |\often |\too |\fast |\to |\see |\a |\P |
wave; |\rates |\are |\typically |\ 160 |\bpm |\or |\higher; |\patients |\may |\show |
signs |\and |\symptoms |\of |\decreased |\cardiac |\output |(SOB, |\diaphoretic, |
chest |\pain, |\lightheaded, |\dizziness, |\pulses |\may |\be |\thready |\and |\weak, |\low |\BP, |\and |\heart |\sounds |\may |\be |\unclear)
ventricular |\dysrhythmias |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔impulses |\initiated |
from |\lower |\portion |\of |\the |\heart; |\depolarization |\occurs, |\leading |\to |
abnormally |\wide |\QRS |\complex; |\ectopic |(premature) |\and |\escape |
(late) |\beats; |\common |\causes |\are |\myocardial |\ischemia/injury/infarction, |\low |\potassium |\or |\magnesium, |\hypoxia, |
and |\acid-base |\imbalances premature |\ventricular |\complexes |(PVCs) |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |
✔✔can |\occur |\in |\any |\underlying |\rhythm; |\related |\to |\ventricular |
irritability; |\single |\or |\double |\beat |(not |\a |\rhythm); |\comes |\earlier |\than |
expected; |\no |\P |\wave; |\wide |\complex |(> |\0.12); |\T |\wave |\in |\opposite |
deflection |\of |\QRS When |\are |\PVCs |\dangerous? |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔frequent, |
multifocal |(look |\different), |\two |\or |\more |\in |\a |\row, |\R |\on |\T |(PVC |\falls |
into |\the |\vulnerable |\period |\of |\the |\T |\wave; |\ventricular |\tachycardia |\or |
fibrillation |\can |\result) ventricular |\tachycardia |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔QRS |\is |\wide |(> |
0.12), |\bizarre, |\often |\with |\T |\wave |\in |\opposite |\deflection |\of |\QRS; |
ventricular |\rate |\is |\greater |\than |\100, |\usually |\ 110 |\to |\ 250 |\bpm; |\P |
wave |\may |\or |\may |\not |\be |\visible; |\may |\be |\non-sustained |\or |
sustained; |\ 3 |\PVCs |\in |\a |\row |= |\this |(life-threatening |\dysrhythmia; |
MOUNTAIN |\FORMATION)
cardiac |\pacemakers |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔deliver |\an |\electrical |
current |\to |\stimulate |\depolarization |\for |\BRADYCARDIA; |\temporary |
versus |\permanent; |\method |\of |\pacing |(transcutaneous= |\emergency, |
through |\the |\skin), |(transvenous= |\enter |\the |\femoral |\vein |\or |
subclavian |\vein), |(epicardial= |\outside |\the |\heart, |\placed |\during |
surgery); |\can |\pace |\the |\atrium |\and |\produce |\a |\P |\wave, |\ventricle |\and |
produce |\a |\QRS, |\or |\both |\chambers transcutaneous |(external) |\pacing |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔in |
emergency |\situations, |\used |\to |\treat: |\symptomatic |\bradycardia |
unresponsive |\to |\atropine |\and |\hemodynamically |\unstable; |\third |
degree |\heart |\block; |\not |\recommended |\for |\asystole sensing |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔the |\ability |\of |\the |\pacemaker |\to |
recognize |\the |\patient's |\intrinsic |\rhythm |(smart |\pacer) firing |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔generating |\the |\impulse capturing |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔successful |\stimulation |\of |\the |
myocardium |\by |\the |\pacemaker |\impulse |(spike |\followed |\by |\a |
complex) failure |\to |\sense |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔when |\the |\pacemaker |\does |\not |\sense |\the |\patient's |\own |\cardiac |\rhythm |\and |\initiates |\an |
electrical |\impulse; |\manifests |\as |\pacer |\spikes |\that |\fall |\too |\closely |\to |
the |\patient's |\own |\rhythm, |\earlier |\than |\the |\programmed |\rate |(occurs
|\when |\pacemaker |\is |\on |\its |\way |\out |\or |\tissue |\under |\wire |\dies |\due |\to |\MI |\and |\does |\not |\sense |\anything) failure |\to |\fire/pace |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔occurs |\when |\the |
pacemaker |\fails |\to |\initiate |\an |\electrical |\stimulus |\when |\it |\should |\fire; |\problem |\is |\noted |\by |\absence |\of |\pacer |\spikes |\on |\rhythm |\strip |
(tissue |\died |\or |\battery |\is |\dying) failure |\to |\capture |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔when |\the |\pacemaker |
generates |\an |\electrical |\impulse |(pacer |\spike) |\and |\no |\depolarization |
is |\noted; |\on |\the |\ECG, |\a |\pacer |\spike |\is |\noted, |\but |\it |\is |\not |\followed |
by |\a |\P |\wave |(atrial |\pacemaker) |\or |\a |\QRS |\complex |(ventricular |
pacemaker); |\battery |\is |\dying nursing |\care |\of |\pacemakers |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔ensure |\you |
have |\a |\back-up |\mode |\available |\if |\using |\any |\of |\the |\temporary |
pacing |\methods |(transcutaneous/transvenous); |\ensure |\these |\clients |
are |\in |\a |\complex |\care |\area |\if |\solely |\dependent |\on |\a |\temporary |
means |(in |\other |\words, |\it |\is |\unsafe |\to |\place |\a |\patient |\who |\is |\100% |
dependent |\on |\their |\temporary |\pacer |\on |\a |\telemetry |\floor); |\GOTTA |
have |\both |\electrical |\and |\mechanical; |\perfusion |\is |\NO |\GOOD |\without |\oxygenation |(make |\sure |\they |\are |\breathing; |\O2 |\sat |\and |\cardiac |
monitor) cardiac |\output |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔volume |\of |\blood |\ejected |
from |\the |\left |\ventricle |\each |\minute |(4 |\to |\ 8 |\L/min)
pulmonary |\vascular |\resistance |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔force |
overcome |\by |\the |\right |\ventricle |\upon |\contraction What |\can |\we |\do |\to |\alter |\afterload? |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |
✔✔vasoconstrictors |\and |\dilators, |\valve |\repair |\or |\replacements, |
hydration, |\and |\BG |\control; |\if |\blood |\pressure |\is |\too |\high, |\we |\have |\to |\vasodilate; |\if |\it's |\too |\low, |\we |\have |\to |\vasoconstrict contractility |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔force |\of |\ventricular |
contraction; |\how |\well |\the |\heart |\is |\pumping; |\although |\not |\directly |
measured, |\can |\be |\estimated |\by |\stroke |\volume |\and |\ventricular |\work |\index How |\do |\we |\alter |\contractility? |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔the |
sympathetic |\system |\increases |(catecholamines), |\the |\parasympathetic |\system |\decreases |(vagal |\stimulation); |\drugs: |\improve |(positive |
inotropes) |\digoxin, |\epinephrine, |\levophed, |\dopamine, |\and |\milrinone; |\inhibit/decrease |(beta |\blockers, |\calcium |\channel |\blockers, |\and |
antiarrhythmics) cardiac |\index |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔cardiac |\output |\divided |\by |
body |\surface |\area; |\calculated |\in |\the |\EMR |\after |\entering |\patient's |
height |\and |\weight |(2.2 |\to |\ 4 |\L/min)
stroke |\volume |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔the |\amount |\of |\blood |
leaving |\the |\left |\ventricle |\with |\each |\contraction |(60-150 |\mL/beat) stroke |\index |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔individualized |\to |\patient |\by |
BSA |(30-65 |\mL/beat) pulmonary |\artery |\occlusion |\pressure |(wedge) |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |
✔✔pressure |\exerted |\by |\volume |\of |\blood |\left |\in |\left |\atrium |\at |\the |
end |\of |\diastole |(6 |\to |\ 12 |\mmHg) central |\venous |\pressure |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔the |\pressure |
exerted |\by |\the |\volume |\of |\blood |\left |\in |\the |\right |\heart |\at |\the |\end |\of |\diastole |(2 |\to |\ 8 |\mmHg) right |\arterial |\pressure |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔used |
interchangeably |\with |\CVP, |\measured |\differently |(2 |\to |\ 8 |\mmHg) right |\vent |\end-diastolic |\volume |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔the |\amount |\of |\volume |\in |\the |\right |\ventricle |\at |\the |\end |\of |\diastole |(100 |\to |\ 160 |
mL) mixed |\venous |\oxygen |\saturation |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔measured |\in |\the |\pulmonary |\artery; |\systemic |\return |\and |\myocardium |\return |
(thus |\a |\lower |\value; |\ 60 |\to |\80%); |\INSIDE |\RIGHT |\ATRIUM
appropriately), |\embolism |(air |\entering |\system/clot |\dislodgment), |
hemorrhage |(loose |\connections/catheter |\dislodgment), |\infection central |\venous |\catheter |(CVC) |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔direct |
measurement |\of |\pressure |\in |\right |\atrium; |\right |\ventricular |\preload |
or |\right |\ventricular |\end |\diastolic |\pressure; |\normal |\value |\is |\ 2 |\to |\ 8 |
mm |\Hg; |\recorded |\end |\EXHALATION |\as |\a |\mean |\value nursing |\implications |\for |\CVC |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔zero/balance; |
waveform |\analysis; |\respiratory |\variation |\and |\PEEP; |\patient |\position |
(supine |\preferred, |\HOB |\between |\ 0 |\and |\ 45 |\degrees); |\correlate |\values |\with |\assessment; |\monitor |\for |\complications complications |\of |\CVC |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔infection; |
pneumothorax/hemothorax; |\carotid |\puncture; |\heart |\perforation; |
dysrhythmias pulmonary |\artery |\catheter |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔forward |\looking, |\flow-directed |\catheter; |\inserted |\via |\subclavian, |\internal |\jugular, |\or |
femoral |\vein; |\balloon |\tipped; |\multiple |\lumens; |\reflects |\left |
ventricular |\function insertion |\of |\PA |\catheter |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔proper |\position |\of |
patient |(Trendelenberg |\common; |\towel |\roll |\between |\shoulder |
blades); |\inserted |\with |\balloon |\deflated, |\selected |\inflation |\to |"float" |\
catheter |\into |\PA; |\waveform |\changes |\as |\catheter |\progresses; |\check |
for |\proper |"wedging" |\for |\PAOP; |\chest |\x-ray nursing |\implications |\for |\PAC |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔measure |
pulmonary |\artery |\pressures; |\pulmonary |\artery |\occlusive |\pressure |
(PAOP) |\reflects |\left |\ventricular |\end-diastolic |\pressure |(in |\many |
patients |\the |\PADP |\can |\be |\substituted |\for |\PAOP |\measurements |\if |
values |\are |\similar, |\record |\amount |\of |\air |\to |\inflate |\balloon/no |\more |
than |\1.5 |\mL, |\wedge |\for |\no |\more |\than |\ 8 |\to |\ 10 |\seconds) complications |\of |\PAC |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔infection, |
dysrhythmias |(PVC's), |\myocardial |\perforation |(cardiac |\tamponade), |
air |\embolus, |\thromboembolism, |\PA |\rupture, |\pulmonary |\infarction, |
vessel |\damage, |\unintended |"wedging"
