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A comprehensive set of questions and answers related to pharmacology ii, covering various drug classes and their mechanisms of action, adverse effects, and clinical applications. It includes detailed information on statins, fibrates, ace inhibitors, beta-blockers, antiplatelets, anticoagulants, antiarrhythmics, and other important medications. Particularly useful for students preparing for exams in pharmacology ii.
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What class are statins? HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors What do statins do? Treat high cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease Risk factors for cardiovascular disease: Hypertension, diabetes, smoking Adverse effects of statins? Rhabdomyolysis What is rhabdomyolysis? The breakdown of muscle fibers
Signs and symptoms of rhabdomyolysis? Sever muscle pain, weakness, and dark urine Before taking statins what should be checked? Lipid, AST, and ALT How to determine if statins are effective? By checking lipid, AST and ALT prior to administration Can you take statins while pregnant? No What to assess prior to education? The ability to learn What medication is a fibrate? Gemfibrozil What are Fibrates (Gemfibrozil)?
What normal levels should be known while taking Ezetimibe (Selective Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitor): LDL, HDL, total cholesterol and triglycerides ACE Inhibitors end in?
What is Milrinone (Phosphodiesterase Enzyme Inhibitor) used for? Used for heart failure patients usually in ICU What route is Milrinone (Phosphodiesterase Enzyme Inhibitor)? IV only Adverse effects of Milrinone (Phosphodiesterase Enzyme Inhibitor)? Hypotension When giving Milrinone (Phosphodiesterase Enzyme Inhibitor) what should be monitored? Patient needs to be on continuous ECG monitoring Inotropic agent: Increases contractility therefore increasing cardiac output Chronotropic agents affect the: Heart rate Dromotropic agents affect the: Electrical conduction
Heart rate, dysrhythmia, loss for appetite, and potassium levels Beta blockers end in?
Can beta blockers be stopped abruptly? NO Beta-blockers should be used cautiously in patients with? COPD Antiplatelets: Clopidogrel What does clopidogrel do? Reduces the rate of MI or stroke or unstable angina What should be assessed when taking anti-platelet clopidogrel? Bleeding What is the first indication of bleeding? Bruising What route is Clopidogrel? PO ONLY
What is the reversal agent for warfarin? Vitamin K Patients on Warfarin should not increase of decrease any foods with? Vitamin K Foods with vitamin K Green leafy vegetables and bananas What herbal supplements increase the risk of bleeding? Green tea, ginkgo, feverfew, garlic, cranberry, chamomile, and ginger What drug has interactions with Warfarin? Antibiotics A client taking Warfarin should be educated on?
What lab should be drawn when taking Heparin? APTT What is needed to achieve prescribed APTT? Titrate When taking heparin platelets should be monitored for? HIT (heparin induced thrombocytopenia) Reversal agent for heparin: Protamine sulfate Direct Thrombin Inhibitor: Dabigatran The reversal agent for Dabigatran (DTI) is? Idarucizumab Factor Xa Inhibitors:
Potassium channel blockers: Amiodarone What is the half life of Amiodarone (potassium channel blocker)? 50 days Amiodarone is used to treat? Atrial and ventricular arrhythmias What should the patient be on when taking Amiodarone? Reliable birth control Advsere effects of Amiodarone (potassium channel blocker): Blurred vision, photosensitivity, anorexia What should be checked before giving Amiodarone? Potassium Calcium Channel Blocker: Verapamil
Do not take this type of juice when on Verapamil: Grapefruit Verapamil (calcium channel blocker) is used to treat? Hypertension, angina, and dysrhythmias Class I B Antiarrhythmic Agent is aka: Sodium channel blocker Class I B Antiarrhythmic Agent: Lidocaine What is lidocaine used for? Severe ventricular dysrhytmias Lidocaine black box warning: Can cause CNS toxicity, confusion, and psychosis Class IV Antiarrhythmic:
What do crystalloids do? Rapidly expand circulating blood volume Diuretics can cause? Polyuria Examples of loop diuretics: Furosemide Bumetanide What should be monitored when giving diuretics? Potassium Vasodilators Nitroglycerin What is a common side effect of the vasodilator nitroglycerin? Headache Nitroglycerin can be used for? Exacerbations of Heart Failure because it dilates the veins and coronary arteries
Hypertensive Emergency Systolic greater than 180 Diastolic greater than 120 Decreasing after load will improve? Cardiac output in HF patient Medications used to treat Heart Failure: ARBs - "sartan" Losartan Beta Blockers - "olol" Atnetol Vasodilator - isosorbide dinitrate Steps to assess an accurate apical pulse:
