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NUR 3125 Pathophysiology Exam Questions
with Full and Complete Answers 100%
Accurately Rated 2025-2026 Latest Exam
(Score A)-Florida State College
coagulation system a plasma protein system, also called the clotting system, that results in formation of a protein called fibrin. Fibrin forms a network that walls off an infection and forms a clot that stops bleeding and serves as a foundation for repair and healing of a wound. etiology cause of disease idopathic pertaining to disease of unknown origin iatrogenic produced by a physician
nosocomia hospital acquired infection pathogenesis pattern of changes associated w/ development or evolution of a disease prodrome symptoms before the onset of a disease self-limited a condition that improves without any specific treatment exacerbations periods when the symptoms become worse or more severe, flares up sub-clinical presence of disease without clinical signs
new or separate process that results from some change caused by the primary diagnosis health ¨Absence of disease ¨Body's ability to maintain homeostasis ¨Ability to meet demands on the body ¨Ability to adapt to external changes ¨Maintain constant internal environment (narrow limits) ¨Genetic makeup ¨Life experiences/interactions with the environment ¨Individuals' control mechanisms for body function ¨The measurement processes error or capabilities causes of variations of normal values extrinsic factors outside of the body- stress, trauma, infectious agents, climate, etc. intrinsic factors
inside the body- age, gender, genetic, makeup, etc. O2 and nutrients, constant temp, water, waste disposal cell requirements to live types of cellular adaptation atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia atrophy cell substance shrinks
- decreased protein synthesis, increased protein catabolism, or both atrophy pathologic results from decreases in workload, use, pressure, blood supply nutrition, hormonal stimulation, and nervous stimulation hypertrophy increased cell size
- aytypical hyperplasia cellular injury disease begins with ____ hypoxic injury cellular injury as a result of oxygen deprivation decrease in ATP, failure of NA/K pump and exchange, cellular swelling, vacuolation cellular responses to hypoxic injury ischemia Lack of blood supply anoxia lack of oxygen Ischemia-reperfusion injury
injury that results from the restoration of oxygen following hypoxic event due to oxidative stress which causes further cell membrane damage and mitochondrial calcium overload tissue transplantation ischemic syndromes: myocardial, hepatic, intestinal, cerebral, renal, stroke mechanism of ischemia-reperfusion injury free radicals unstable molecules that cause damage to the DNA and other structures required by the cell to function free radical ¤Electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having an unpaired electron that damage:
- Lipid peroxidation
- Alteration of proteins
- Alteration of DNA
- Mitochondrial damage food antioxidants
caused by a failure of cells to receive or use oxygen
- suffocation, strangulation, drowning, chemical hypothermic injury slows cellular metabolic processes hyperthermic injury heat cramps, heat exhaustion, heat stroke ionizing radiation any form of radiation with enough energy to remove electrons from atoms
- x-rays, gamma rays, alpha and beta particles illumination injury Eyestrain, obscured vision, and cataract formation Caused by light modulation Hydropic degeneration
abnormal, often reversible swelling of injured cells due to cytoplasmic accumulation of sodium and water from damage to the outer membrane, sodium pump or energy supply. necrosis and apoptosis Two types of cell death necrosis tissue death
- autolysis
- includes inflammatory changes apoptosis programmed cell death
- no inflammatory changes coagulative necrosis Cell proteins are altered or denatured
- kidneys, heart, and adrenal glands
volvulus twisting or kinking of the intestine, causing intestinal obstruction intussusception intestine telescopes (folds) into itself gangrene death of tissue associated with loss of blood supply
- turns black ¨Dead tissue is removed ¨Slough off leaving an ulcer ¨Encapsulated by fibrin and calcium fate of necrotic tissue necrosis sum of cellular changes after local cell death and the process of cellular autodigestion rigor mortis
stiffness of the body that sets in several hours after death algor mortis The cooling of the body after death liver mortis The pooling of the blood in tissues after death resulting in a reddish color to the skin postmortem autolysis postmortem putrification changes that begin to occur 24-48 hours after death; caused by the release of enzymes and lytic dissolution. theories of aging¤Genetic and environmental lifestyle factors ¤Alterations of cellular control mechanisms ¤Degenerative extracellular changes ¤Genetic and environmental lifestyle factors ¤Alterations of cellular control mechanisms ¤Degenerative extracellular changes
first line of defense mechanism physical and mechanical barriers Skin and linings of the GI, GU and respiratory tracts
- Sloughing off of cells
- Coughing and sneezing
- Flushing
- Vomiting
- Mucus and cilia examples of first line of defense biochemical barriers synthesized and secreted saliva, tears, ear wax, sweat, mucus. Antimicrobial peptides. Normal bacterial flora
- first line of defense second line of defense inflammatory response
- nonspecific (takes place in same way)
- rapidly initiated
- no memory cells no is there memory cells in the second line of defense causes of second line of defense infection, mechanical damage, ischemia, nutrient deprivation, temp extremes, radiation, etc. Redness, heat, edema, pain and loss of function cardinal signs of inflammatory response (2nd line of defense) Vascular response to inflammation ¤ Blood vessel dilation; (makes warm) ¤ Increased vascular permeability and leakage (causes edema) ¤ White blood cell (WBC) adherence to the inner walls of the vessels and migration through the vessels
Coagulation (clotting) system Forms a fibrinous meshwork at an injured or inflamed site that prevents the spread of infection, keeps microorganisms and foreign bodies at the site of greatest inflammatory cell activity, forms a clot that stops bleeding, and provides a framework for repair and healing.
- Main protein insoluble fibrin. fibrin an insoluble protein formed from fibrinogen during the clotting of blood. It forms a fibrous mesh that impedes the flow of blood. kinin system
- interacts closely with the Clotting (Coagulation) System
- functions to activate and assist inflammatory cells kinin system Causes dilation of blood vessels, pain, smooth muscle contraction, vascular permeability, and leukocyte chemotaxis pain is very useful in this system bc it tells you that something is wrong
bradykinin what is the primary kinin in the kinin system cell surface receptors find foreign agents and notify body that there is an intruder inflammatory response this is initiated when tissue injury occurs or when cell surface receptors are activated chemokines and cytokines Regulate innate or adaptive resistance by affecting other neighboring cells
- pro or anti-inflammatory
- synergistic or antagonistic pleiotropic actions of chemokine or cytokines are ____: The same molecule may have a large variety of different biologic activities, depending on the particular targetcell to which it binds.
