Study with the several resources on Docsity
Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan
Prepare for your exams
Study with the several resources on Docsity
Earn points to download
Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan
Community
Ask the community for help and clear up your study doubts
Discover the best universities in your country according to Docsity users
Free resources
Download our free guides on studying techniques, anxiety management strategies, and thesis advice from Docsity tutors
NUR 3125 Pathophysiology 2025-2026 Final Exam Questions with Well Accredited Answers Highly Recommended Exam A+ Graded-Florida State College
Typology: Exams
1 / 85
This page cannot be seen from the preview
Don't miss anything!
3 main divisions of the brain forebrain midbrain hindbrain the forebrain is made up of the cerebrum limbic system basal ganglia brainstem is made up of medulla pons midbrain
nerve cells within the midbrain form reticular formation Reticular Activating System (RAS) essential for wakefulness sulci wrinkles between gyri white matter myelinated neurons under cerebral cortex longitudinal fissure separates brain hemispheres prefrontal area goal-oriented behavior (concentration)
occipital lobe receives retinal input; contains primary visual cortex temporal lobe primary auditory cortex; smell; memory consolidation; Wernicke's area Wernicke's area (sensory speech area) area of temporal lobe responsible for receiving and interpreting speech insular lobe processes sensory and emotional info corpus callosum coordinates between hemispheres amygdala regulates emotional response
limbic system is made up of amygdala (emotions) hippocampus (memory) thalamus (senses) hypothalamus homeostasis; Autonomic Nervous System (ANS); body temperature; behavioral patterns; autonomic nervous system controls involuntary movements the midbrain is made up of superior colliculi inferior colliculi substantia nigra cerebral aqueduct
pons bridge below midbrain; transmits info from cerebellum to brain stem & between hemispheres medulla oblongata reflexive activities; heart rt, breathing, BP, coughing, sneezing, swallowing, vomiting, a seizure is a sudden explosive discharge of neurons effects of a seizure include temporary altered level of arousal altered brain function causes of seizures metabolic defects malformations genetic disorders acute CNS infections
brain tumor illicit drug use fever vascular diseases motor syndromes epilepsy recurring episodic seizures without treatment due to genetic malformations that trigger brain wiring abnormalities; imbalance in neurottransmitters tonic phase epileptic phase of muscle contraction with ↑ muscle tone and loss of consciousness clonic phase epileptic phase of alternating contraction and relaxation of muscles ICP IntraCranial Pressure
stroke aka cerebrovascular accident; a sudden, nonconvulsive, focal neurologic defecit stroke risk factors smoking arterial hypertension diabetic insulin resistance lipoprotein-A impaired cardiac function Chlamydia pneumoniae thrombotic strokes strokes caused by arterial occlusions caused by thrombi formation in arteries supplying the brain or intracranial vessels thrombus may form due to atherosclerosis ↑ coagulation dehydration
hypotension transient ischemic attack (TIA) brief episode of neurologic dysfunction caused by a focal disturbance of brain or retinal ischemia with symptoms lasting less than an hour; no evidence of infarction; complete recovery causes of TIA platelet clumps or vessel narrowing with spasm causing circulation blockage embolic stroke stroke caused by blockage of cerebral vessels causes of embolic stroke blood clot that has broken free and traveled to the brain as an embolus most common location of embolus causing stroke middle cerebral artery
diagnosing strokes involves the use of a(n) magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) 4 classifications of vertebral injuries
most common vertebral injuries occur at cervical and lumbar regions results of vertebral injuries ∙microhemorrhages in central gray matter & pia arachnoid space ∙edema in white matter ∙↑NE, ischemia, vascular damage, tissue necrosis ∙cord swelling ∙meninges thicken cord swelling is fatal in what area of the vertebrae and why cervical area because impairs diaphragm function spinal shock complete loss of reflex function in all segments below the level of the lesion (reflexes may return slowly) cause of spinal shock vertebral injury stops normal cord activity due to a lack of continuous nerve impulses from the brain
multiple sclerosis (MS) aqcuired autoimmune inflammatory disorder involving demyelination; irreversible axon degeneration and scarring onset of MS 20 - 40 yrs old; most common in women pathology of MS B lymphocytes, plasma cells, activated T cells, and proinflammatory cytokines, cause inflammation, oligodendrocyte injury, and demyelination preexisting factors affecting onset of MS infection trauma pregnancy MS attacks caused by
diagnoses of MS MRI* and CSF findings immunoglobin _____ is most associated with MS patients IgG drugs treating MS corticosteroids immunosuppressants immune system modulators _____ may prevent MS progression Vitamin D sclerosis scarring
death of motor neurons in ALS causes axonal degeneration and demyelination with glial proliferation most common form of ALS spinal (60%) symptoms of ALS focal muscle weakness beginning in arms and legs progressing to muscle atrophy, spasms, and loss of manual dexterity and gait diagnosing ALS based on history and physical exam; examine CSF biomarkers causes of neural tube defects arrested development of brain and spinal cord posterior neural tube defect ancephaly
myelodysplasias defects of vertebral column and spinal cord neural tube defects of infants can be prevented by pregnant mother's consumption of folic acid ancephaly absence of skull and parts of brain due to early closure of the neural tube encephalocele herniation of the brain and meninges meningocele protrusion of meninges through a vertebral defect myelomeningocele
