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NUR 2502 MDC 3 FINAL EXAM||2025-2026||CARDIOVASCULAR
AND HEMATOLOGY/GRADED A+||RASMUSSEN COLLEGE
1. A client with newly diagnosed hypertension asks how to
decrease the risk for related cardiovascular problems. What
risk factor is modifiable by the client?
a. Age b. Impaired renal function c. Family history d. Dyslipidemia
The nurse is caring for a client newly diagnosed with
secondary hypertension. Which condition contributes to the
development of secondary hypertension?
a. Hepatic function b. Renal disease c. Calcium deficit d. Acid-based imbalance
A client experiences orthostatic hypotension while receiving
furosemide to treat hypertension. How will the nurse
intervene?
a. Administer I.V. fluids as ordered. b. Administer an isosorbide as ordered. c. Insert an indwelling urinary catheter as ordered. d. Instruct the client to sit for several minutes before standing.
A client with newly diagnosed hypertension asks what to do
to decrease the risk for related cardiovascular problems.
Which risk factor is not modifiable by the client?
a. Age b. Obesity c. Inactivity d. Dyslipidemia
A nurse working in the clinic is seeing a client who has just
been prescribed a new medication for hypertension. The
client asks why hypertension is sometimes called the "silent
killer." What is the best response by the nurse?
a. "Hypertension often causes no symptoms." b. "Hypertension often kills early in the disease process." c. "Hypertension often causes no pain." d. "Hypertension is difficult to diagnose."
The nurse assesses a patient with silvery-white, thick scales
on the scalp, elbows, and hand that bleed when picked off.
What does the nurse suspect that this patient may have?
a. Vitiligo b. Psoriasis c. Melanoma d. Petechia
Which of the following could be a possible cause of
cyanosis?
a. Carbon monoxide poisoning b. Fever c. Anemia d. Low tissue oxygenation
Which of the following is the most common complaint
related to a diagnosis of head lice?
a. Flaking of scalp b. Itching c. Swelling d. Headache
Which of the following superficial fungal infections begins in
the skin between the toes and spreads to the soles of the
feet?
a. Tinea corporis b. Tinea capitis c. Tinea pedis d. Tinea cruris
A client has been diagnosed with shingles. Which of the
following medication classifications will reduce the severity
and prevent development of new lesions?
a. Antiviral b. Corticosteroids c. Analgesics d. Antipyretics
The nurse teaches the client who demonstrates herpes
zoster (shingles) that
a. once the client has had shingles, they will not have it a second time. b. a person who has had chickenpox can contract it again upon exposure to a person with shingles. c. the infection results from reactivation of the chickenpox virus. d. no known medications affect the course of shingles.
1. In which instance may a surgeon operate without informed
consent?
a. Invasive procedures b. Emergency situations c. Procedures requiring sedation d. Radiologic procedures
The nurse is completing a preoperative assessment. The
nurse notices the client is tearful and constantly wringing
their hands. The client states, “I’m really nervous about this
surgery. Do you think it will be ok?” What is the
nurse’s best response?
a. “You have nothing to worry about; you have the best surgical team.” b. “No one has ever died from the procedure you are having.” c. “What family support do you have after the surgery?” d. “What are your concerns?”
The nurse is educating a client scheduled for elective
surgery. The client currently takes aspirin daily. What
education should the nurse provide with regard to this
medication?
a. Continue to take the aspirin as ordered. b. Take half doses of the aspirin until 1 week after surgery. c. Aspirin should be increased until 3 days before surgery, then it should be
discontinued until 3 days after surgery. d. Stop taking the aspirin 7 days before the surgery, unless otherwise directed by your physician.
What is the major purpose of withholding food and fluid
before surgery?
a. Prevent overhydration b. Decrease urine output c. Prevent aspiration d. Decrease risk of constipation
During the admission history the client reports to the nurse
of taking the usual dose of warfarin the previous day. What
is an appropriate nursing action?
a. Notify the surgeon that the client took warfarin the day before surgery. b. No action is needed, because the client takes warfarin on a continuing basis. c. Put a note on the preoperative checklist before sending the client into surgery. d. Tell the client to inform the circulating nurse before the anesthesia is administered.
The nurse is aware that a religious group that refuses blood
transfusions for religious reasons is:
a. Catholics b. Jehovah's Witnesses c. Jews d. Methodists
The nurse is monitoring a presurgical patient for electrolyte
imbalance. Which classification of medication may cause
electrolyte imbalance?
a. Corticosteroids b. Diuretics c. Phenothiazines d. Insulin
The nurse is aware that which of the following nutrients
promotes normal blood clotting?
a. Magnesium b. Vitamin C c. Zinc
a. Supine b. Semi-Fowler's c. Side-lying, knees to chest d. Trendelenburg
It is important for the nurse to assist a postsurgical client to
sit up and turn the head to one side when vomiting in order
to
a. maximize comfort. b. avoid dizziness. c. avoid aspiration. d. help eliminate inhaled anesthetics.
The client complains of weakness and dizziness as the nurse
assists the client to sit on the side of the bed. The nurse
recognizes the client is experiencing:
a. acute pain b. anxiety c. incisional pain d. orthostatic hypotension
A client who had abdominal surgery 4 days ago reports that
"something gave way" when he sneezed. The nurse observes
a wound evisceration. Which nursing action is the first
priority?
a. Applying a sterile, moist dressing b. Monitoring vital signs c. Inserting a nasogastric (NG) tube d. Putting the client on nothing-by-mouth (NPO) status
What intervention by the nurse is most effective for
reducing hospital-acquired infections?
a. Administration of prophylactic antibiotics b. Aseptic wound care c. Control of upper respiratory tract infections d. Proper hand-washing techniques
Which action should a nurse perform to prevent deep vein
thrombosis when caring for a postsurgical client?
a. Reinforce the need to perform leg exercises every hour when awake b. Massage the calves or thighs c. Instruct the client to cross the legs or prop a pillow under the knees d. Maintain bed rest
A client has undergone surgery to repair a hernia, with no
complications. In the immediate postoperative period, which
action by the nurse is most appropriate?
a. Monitor vital signs every 15 minutes b. Measure arterial blood gas every 5 minutes c. Measure urinary output every 15 minutes d. Assess pupillary response every 5 minutes
Which of the following sets of clinical data would allow the
nurse to conclude that the nursing actions taken to prevent
postoperative pneumonia have been effective?
a. Vital signs within normal limits; absence of chills and cough b. Alert and oriented; peripheral pulses present and strong c. Bladder non—distended; Foley catheter draining clear, yellow urine d. Bowel sounds present and active; denies nausea and vomiting
A client receiving moderate sedation for a minor surgical
procedure begins to vomit. What should the nurse do first?
a. Roll the client onto his or her side. b. Suction the mouth. c. Provide a basin. d. Administer an antiemetic medication.
A nurse is monitoring a client recovering from moderate
sedation that was administered during a colonoscopy. Which
finding requires the nurse's immediate attention?
a. Heart rate of 84 beats/minute
The nurse caring for a client receiving a transfusion notes
that 15 minutes after the infusion of packed red blood cells
(PRBCs) has begun, the client is having difficulty breathing
and complains of severe chest tightness. What is the most
appropriate initial action for the nurse to take?
a. Notify the client's health care provider b. Stop the transfusion immediately. c. Remove the client's IV access. d. Assess the client's chest sounds and vital signs.
The nurse begins a routine blood transfusion of packed red
blood cells (PRBCs) at 1100. To ensure client safety, the unit
of blood should be completely transfused by what time?
a. 1115 b. 1500 c. 1530 d. 1600
For a client diagnosed with pernicious anemia, the nurse
emphasizes the importance of lifelong administration of
a. Vitamin A b. Vitamin C c. Folic acid
The nurse is caring for four clients on the medical-surgical
unit of the hospital. What client is mostly likely to be
receiving treatment for sickle cell crisis?
a. A 29 - year-old Caucasian male b. A 19 - year-old African American male c. A 24 - year-old Native American female d. A 36 - year-old Eastern European female
Which type of hemolytic anemia is categorized as inherited
disorder?
d. Vitamin B 12
a. Sickle cell anemia b. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia c. Cold agglutinin disease d. Hypersplenism
The nurse is caring for an older adult client who has a
hemoglobin of 9.6 g/dL and a hematocrit of 34%. To
determine where the blood loss is coming from, what
intervention can the nurse provide?
a. Observe stools for blood. b. Observe the gums for bleeding after the client brushes teeth. c. Observe the sputum for signs of blood. d. Observe client for facial droop.
16. While assessing a client, the nurse will recognize what
as the most obvious sign of anemia?
a. Pallor b. Tachycardia c. Flow murmurs d. Jaundice
A client diagnosed with a cataract comes into the clinic.
What assessments should the nurse observe in this client?
a. A burning sensation and the sensation of an object in the eye b. Blurred or cloudy visual image c. Inability to produce sufficient tears d. A swollen lacrimal caruncle
A colleague has been splashed in the eye with cleaning
solution. Which of the following would be the priority?
a. Finding out what the substance was b. Irrigating the eye immediately with tap water c. Covering the eye with a clean sterile dressing d. Instilling a local anesthetic into the eye
Which of the following eye disorders is caused by an
elevated intraocular pressure (IOP)?
The nurse caring for a client with Ménière's disease needs to
assist with what when the client is experiencing an attack?
a. Sleeping b. ADLs c. Coughing d. URIs
Which nursing diagnosis takes highest priority for a client
admitted for evaluation for Ménière's disease?
a. Acute pain related to vertigo b. Imbalanced nutrition: Less than body requirements related to nausea and vomiting c. Risk for deficient fluid volume related to vomiting d. Risk for injury related to vertigo
The nurse is developing a plan of care for a client with
Meniere's disease and identifies a nursing diagnosis of
excess fluid volume related to fluid retention in the inner
ear. Which intervention would be most appropriate to
include in the plan of care?
a. Limit foods that are high in sodium. b. Encourage intake of caffeinated fluids. c. Administer prescribed antihistamine. d. Restrict high-potassium foods.
A patient is scheduled for a test with contrast to determine
kidney function. What statement made by the patient should
the nurse inform the physician about prior to testing?
a. “I don’t like needles.” b. “I am allergic to shrimp.” c. “I take medication to help me sleep at night.” d. “I have had a test similar to this one in the past.”
Which term describes painful or difficult urination?
a. Oliguria
b. Anuria c. Nocturia d. Dysuria
When the bladder contains 400 to 500 mL of urine, this is
referred to as
a. anuria. b. specific gravity. c. functional capacity. d. renal clearance.
When fluid intake is normal, the specific gravity of urine
should be:
a. 1. b. Less than 1. c. Greater than 1. d. 1.010 to 1.
The nurse is teaching a client with recurrent urinary tract
infections (UTIs) ways to decrease risk for additional UTIs.
The nurse includes which information?
a. Take tub baths instead of showers. b. Void immediately after sexual intercourse. c. Increase intake of coffee, tea, and colas. d. Void every 5 hours during the day.
Which client is at highest risk for developing a hospital-
acquired infection?
a. A client with a laceration to the left hand b. A client who's taking prednisone (Deltasone) c. A client with an indwelling urinary catheter d. A client with Crohn's disease
The nurse is caring for a patient with dementia in the long-
term care facility when the patient has a change in cognitive
loss, and fever. Which condition in the family history is most
pertinent to the client's current health problem?
a. Ulcerative colitis b. Hypertension c. Gastroesophageal reflux disease d. Appendicitis
Crohn's disease is a condition of malabsorption caused by
which pathophysiological process?
a. Inflammation of all layers of intestinal mucosa b. Infectious disease c. Disaccharidase deficiency d. Gastric resection
It is important for the nurse to monitor serum electrolytes in
a patient with acute diarrhea. Select the electrolyte result
that should be immediately reported.
a. Chloride of 100 mEq/L b. Sodium of 136 mEq/L c. Calcium of 9 mg/dL d. Potassium of 2.8 mEq/L
40. The nurse is admitting a client with a diagnosis of
diverticulitis and assesses that the client has a board-like
abdomen, no bowel sounds, and reports of severe abdominal
pain. What is the nurse's first action?
a. Start an IV with lactated Ringer’s solution. b. Notify the health care provider. c. Administer a retention enema. d. Administer an opioid analgesic.
The nurse teaches a client scheduled for a colonoscopy.
Which instruction should be included as part of the
preparation for the procedure?
a. Consume at least 3 quarts of water 30 minutes before the test. b. Do not void for at least 30 minutes before the test. c. Follow the dietary and fluid restrictions and bowel preparation procedures.
d. Spray or gargle with a local anesthetic.
The nurse is collecting a stool specimen from a patient.
What characteristic of the stool indicates to the nurse that
the patient may have an upper GI bleed?
a. Clay-colored b. Greasy and foamy c. Tarry and black d. Threaded with mucus
A client was diagnosed with pernicious anemia. Which
vitamin cannot be absorbed without an intrinsic factor?
a. Vitamin A b. Vitamin B c. Vitamin C d. Vitamin D
A client reports having red stools lately. What will the nurse
ask during assessment questioning?
a. "Have you been eating beets?" b. "Have you been drinking grape juice?" c. "Have you been eating spinach?" d. "Have you been taking an iron supplement?"
The nurse assesses bowel sounds and hears one to two
bowel sounds in 2 minutes. How should the nurse document
the bowel sounds?
a. normal b. hyperactive c. hypoactive d. absent
A nurse is caring for a client who needs a nasogastric (NG)
tube for a tube feeding. What is the safe method for the
a. Green color and texture b. Bright red blood in stool c. Black and tarry appearance d. Clay-like quality
Which of the following medications is classified as a proton
pump inhibitor (PPI)?
a. Omeprazole b. Nizatidine c. Cimetidine d. Famotidine
A client taking metronidazole for the treatment of H.
pylori states that the medication is causing nausea. What
teaching should the nurse provide to the client to alleviate
the nausea?
a. Discontinue the use of the medication. b. Ask the healthcare provider to prescribe another type of antibiotic. c. Take the medication with meals to decrease the nausea. d. Crush the medication and put it in applesauce.
A nurse is caring for a client who is undergoing a diagnostic
workup for a suspected gastrointestinal problem. The client
reports gnawing epigastric pain following meals and
heartburn. What would the nurse suspect this client has?
a. peptic ulcer disease b. ulcerative colitis c. appendicitis d. diverticulitis
A nurse is teaching a group of middle-aged men about
peptic ulcers. When discussing risk factors for peptic ulcers,
the nurse should mention:
a. a sedentary lifestyle and smoking. b. a history of hemorrhoids and smoking. c. alcohol abuse and a history of acute renal failure. d. alcohol abuse and smoking.
The nurse is conducting a community education class on
gastritis. The nurse includes that chronic gastritis caused
by Helicobacter pylori is implicated in which
disease/condition?
a. Pernicious anemia b. Systemic infection c. Peptic ulcers d. Colostomy
A client is in the hospital for the treatment of peptic ulcer
disease. The client reports vomiting and a sudden severe
pain in the abdomen. The nurse then assesses a board-like
abdomen. What does the nurse suspect these symptoms
indicate?
a. Ineffective treatment for the peptic ulcer b. A reaction to the medication given for the ulcer c. Gastric penetration d. Perforation of the peptic ulcer
57. When caring for a client with an acute exacerbation of a
peptic ulcer, the nurse finds the client doubled up in bed
with severe pain in the right shoulder. What is the initial
appropriate action by the nurse?
a. Notify the health care provider. b. Irrigate the client's NG tube. c. Place the client in the high-Fowler's position. d. Assess the client's abdomen and vital signs.
A patient has been diagnosed with acute gastritis and asks
the nurse what could have caused it. What is the best
response by the nurse? (Select all that apply.)
a. “It can be caused by ingestion of strong acids.” b. “You may have ingested some irritating foods.” c. “Is it possible that you are overusing aspirin.” d. “It is a hereditary disease.” e. “It is probably your nerves.”
