Download NUR 2063 NUR2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam | Questions And Correct Answers (Ver and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!
NUR 2063 NUR 2063 Essentials of
Pathophysiology Exam | Questions And Correct
Answers (Verified Answers) Plus Rationales 2025
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- Which of the following best describes pathophysiology? A) The study of normal body functions B) The study of disease processes and mechanisms C) The study of pharmacology and drug actions D) The study of anatomy and body structures B) The study of disease processes and mechanisms Pathophysiology focuses on how disease alters normal physiological functions.
- Inflammation is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT: A) Redness B) Swelling C) Heat D) Decreased blood flow D) Decreased blood flow Inflammation causes increased blood flow to the affected area, resulting in redness and heat.
- Which cell type is primarily responsible for producing antibodies? A) Neutrophils B) T lymphocytes C) B lymphocytes D) Macrophages C) B lymphocytes B cells differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies.
- What is the primary function of the mitochondria? A) Protein synthesis B) Energy (ATP) production C) Storage of genetic material D) Detoxification of drugs B) Energy (ATP) production Mitochondria generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
- Which of the following is an example of a genetic disorder caused by a single gene mutation? A) Cystic fibrosis B) Diabetes mellitus C) Hypertension D) Asthma A) Cystic fibrosis Cystic fibrosis is caused by mutations in the CFTR gene.
- The process by which cells adapt to increased workload by enlarging is called:
A) Hyperkalemia B) Hypokalemia C) Hypernatremia D) Hypocalcemia A) Hyperkalemia Elevated potassium levels disrupt cardiac electrical conduction. 10.The main function of the sodium-potassium pump is to: A) Transport glucose into the cell B) Maintain resting membrane potential C) Promote cell division D) Release neurotransmitters B) Maintain resting membrane potential The pump moves Na+ out and K+ into the cell, essential for membrane potential. 11.Which of the following is a hallmark of cancer cells? A) Contact inhibition B) Apoptosis C) Uncontrolled proliferation D) Normal differentiation C) Uncontrolled proliferation Cancer cells divide uncontrollably and evade normal growth controls. 12.In type 1 diabetes mellitus, the underlying cause is: A) Insulin resistance B) Autoimmune destruction of beta cells
C) Excessive insulin production D) Increased glucose absorption B) Autoimmune destruction of beta cells Type 1 diabetes is due to immune-mediated loss of insulin-producing pancreatic cells. 13.Which organ is primarily responsible for metabolism of drugs? A) Kidney B) Liver C) Spleen D) Pancreas B) Liver The liver metabolizes many drugs through enzymatic processes. 14.Which of the following is true about oncogenes? A) They suppress tumor formation B) They promote cell division when mutated C) They repair DNA damage D) They induce apoptosis B) They promote cell division when mutated Oncogenes are mutated proto-oncogenes that drive cancer progression. 15.What is the role of cytokines in inflammation? A) To destroy pathogens directly B) To mediate communication between immune cells C) To form blood clots D) To induce cell death
19.Which vitamin deficiency causes scurvy? A) Vitamin A B) Vitamin C C) Vitamin D D) Vitamin B B) Vitamin C Vitamin C deficiency leads to defective collagen synthesis causing scurvy. 20.The primary function of hemoglobin is to: A) Transport oxygen B) Fight infection C) Clot blood D) Carry nutrients A) Transport oxygen Hemoglobin binds oxygen in the lungs and releases it to tissues. 21.What does a high serum creatinine level indicate? A) Liver failure B) Renal impairment C) Cardiac dysfunction D) Pancreatic injury B) Renal impairment Creatinine is a waste product cleared by the kidneys; high levels suggest dysfunction. 22.The type of immunity acquired after vaccination is: A) Passive immunity
B) Innate immunity C) Active immunity D) Autoimmunity C) Active immunity Vaccination stimulates the body to produce its own immune response. 23.Which hormone regulates blood calcium levels by increasing calcium absorption in the intestines? A) Calcitonin B) Parathyroid hormone (PTH) C) Insulin D) Aldosterone B) Parathyroid hormone (PTH) PTH increases calcium levels by enhancing absorption and bone resorption. 24.Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by IgE antibodies? A) Type I B) Type II C) Type III D) Type IV A) Type I Type I hypersensitivity is an immediate allergic reaction mediated by IgE. 25.Which of the following best defines edema? A) Excess intracellular fluid B) Excess extracellular fluid C) Dehydration
29.What type of cells line the alveoli of the lungs? A) Squamous epithelial cells B) Cuboidal epithelial cells C) Columnar epithelial cells D) Transitional epithelial cells A) Squamous epithelial cells Type I alveolar cells are squamous to allow gas exchange. 30.Which acid-base imbalance is commonly caused by diarrhea? A) Metabolic acidosis B) Metabolic alkalosis C) Respiratory acidosis D) Respiratory alkalosis A) Metabolic acidosis Loss of bicarbonate in diarrhea leads to acidosis. 31.Which of the following cells act as antigen-presenting cells? A) Neutrophils B) Macrophages C) Red blood cells D) Platelets B) Macrophages Macrophages present antigens to T cells initiating immune responses. 32.The term "anemia" refers to: A) Increased red blood cell count B) Decreased hemoglobin or red blood cells
C) Elevated white blood cells D) Blood clotting disorder B) Decreased hemoglobin or red blood cells Anemia is characterized by reduced oxygen-carrying capacity. 33.Which electrolyte imbalance is most associated with tetany? A) Hyperkalemia B) Hypocalcemia C) Hypernatremia D) Hypomagnesemia B) Hypocalcemia Low calcium levels increase neuromuscular excitability causing tetany. 34.What is the main function of the lymphatic system? A) Circulate oxygen B) Remove interstitial fluid and fight infection C) Regulate blood pressure D) Digest nutrients B) Remove interstitial fluid and fight infection The lymphatic system drains fluid and transports immune cells. 35.The primary cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is: A) Allergic reactions B) Smoking C) Viral infections D) Genetic mutations
39.What is the cause of Graves' disease? A) Autoimmune stimulation of thyroid hormone production B) Iodine deficiency C) Viral thyroiditis D) Thyroid cancer A) Autoimmune stimulation of thyroid hormone production Graves' disease is an autoimmune hyperthyroidism. 40.Which cells are primarily responsible for phagocytosis during acute inflammation? A) Eosinophils B) Neutrophils C) Basophils D) Mast cells B) Neutrophils Neutrophils are the first responders and main phagocytes in acute inflammation. 41.Which condition is characterized by decreased bone density and increased fracture risk? A) Osteoarthritis B) Osteoporosis C) Rheumatoid arthritis D) Gout B) Osteoporosis Osteoporosis involves loss of bone mineral density.
42.What is the normal range of arterial blood pH? A) 6.8–7. B) 7.35–7. C) 7.6–7. D) 8.0–8. B) 7.35–7. Normal blood pH is tightly regulated between 7.35 and 7.45. 43.Which condition results from a deficiency of vitamin B12? A) Scurvy B) Pernicious anemia C) Rickets D) Beriberi B) Pernicious anemia Vitamin B12 deficiency causes megaloblastic anemia called pernicious anemia. 44.Which of the following hormones is released by the adrenal medulla? A) Cortisol B) Aldosterone C) Epinephrine D) Insulin C) Epinephrine The adrenal medulla secretes catecholamines like epinephrine. 45.Which type of immunity is present from birth and provides immediate defense?
D) Excess glucose A) Excess ketone bodies Ketones are acidic, leading to metabolic acidosis in DKA. 49.Which cell organelle is responsible for protein synthesis? A) Mitochondria B) Ribosomes C) Golgi apparatus D) Lysosomes B) Ribosomes Ribosomes translate mRNA into proteins. 50.Which part of the brain controls basic life functions such as breathing and heart rate? A) Cerebrum B) Cerebellum C) Brainstem D) Hypothalamus C) Brainstem The brainstem regulates vital autonomic functions. 51.Which of the following best describes the primary function of the spleen? A) Production of insulin B) Filtration of blood and immune response C) Storage of bile D) Regulation of calcium
B) Filtration of blood and immune response The spleen filters blood, removes old red cells, and helps mount immune responses. 52.The main pathological feature of Alzheimer's disease is: A) Demyelination of neurons B) Amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles C) Loss of dopamine-producing neurons D) Excessive neurotransmitter release B) Amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles These protein accumulations disrupt neural communication causing dementia. 53.Which gas is primarily responsible for stimulating the respiratory center to increase breathing rate? A) Oxygen B) Carbon dioxide C) Nitrogen D) Hydrogen B) Carbon dioxide Increased CO2 levels lower blood pH, triggering increased respiration. 54.A patient with emphysema is likely to have which of the following? A) Increased lung compliance B) Decreased lung compliance C) Thickened alveolar walls D) Decreased airway resistance
Acetylcholine mediates parasympathetic responses such as decreased heart rate. 58.The hallmark of acute inflammation is the presence of: A) Macrophages B) Neutrophils C) Lymphocytes D) Plasma cells B) Neutrophils Neutrophils are the first immune cells recruited to acute inflammation sites. 59.Which of the following conditions is characterized by insulin resistance? A) Type 1 diabetes mellitus B) Type 2 diabetes mellitus C) Addison's disease D) Graves’ disease B) Type 2 diabetes mellitus Type 2 diabetes involves reduced cellular response to insulin. 60.Which of the following best describes hypovolemia? A) Excess fluid volume in blood vessels B) Decreased circulating blood volume C) Increased interstitial fluid D) Excessive intracellular fluid B) Decreased circulating blood volume Hypovolemia refers to low blood volume affecting perfusion.
61.Which type of hypersensitivity involves immune complex deposition causing tissue damage? A) Type I B) Type II C) Type III D) Type IV C) Type III Type III hypersensitivity is mediated by antigen-antibody complexes. 62.The primary cause of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is: A) Hypotension and ischemia B) Infection C) Autoimmune disease D) Hyperglycemia A) Hypotension and ischemia Reduced renal perfusion causes necrosis of tubular epithelial cells. 63.The major source of circulating cholesterol in the body is: A) Diet B) Liver synthesis C) Pancreas D) Adipose tissue B) Liver synthesis The liver produces most cholesterol endogenously. 64.Which of the following is a characteristic of multiple sclerosis? A) Demyelination of peripheral nerves
