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NU 272 Exam 2 Questions With Complete Solutions 2025 Graded A+ Pass., Exams of Nursing

University of London (Lond)Nursing

NU 272 Exam 2 Questions With Complete Solutions 2025 Graded A+ Pass. NU 272 Exam 2 Questions With Complete Solutions 2025 Graded A+ Pass.

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NU 272 Exam 2 Questions With Complete Solutions 2025
Graded A+ Pass.
Musculoskeletal System - ANSWERS-- muscles, tendons of muscular system
- bones, ligaments, cartilage, joints of skeletal system
Skeletal and muscular systems work together to - ANSWERS-- support body weight
- control movements
- provide stability
- some parts provide protection for heart, lung, brain
Alterations in Musculoskeletal Integrity - ANSWERS-- Negative effect on ability to
perform activities of daily living, communicate, participate in recreational
activities
- source of frustration and pain
Types of muscle tissue - ANSWERS-- smooth
- cardiac
- skeletal
How many skeletal muscles in the body? - ANSWERS-more than 640
- critical for physical mobility
- attach to bones via tendons
- muscle contraction causes movement of skeletal bones
How many bones in the body? - ANSWERS-206
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Download NU 272 Exam 2 Questions With Complete Solutions 2025 Graded A+ Pass. and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!

NU 272 Exam 2 Questions With Complete Solutions 2025

Graded A+ Pass.

Musculoskeletal System - ANSWERS-- muscles, tendons of muscular system

  • bones, ligaments, cartilage, joints of skeletal system Skeletal and muscular systems work together to - ANSWERS-- support body weight
  • control movements
  • provide stability
  • some parts provide protection for heart, lung, brain Alterations in Musculoskeletal Integrity - ANSWERS-- Negative effect on ability to perform activities of daily living, communicate, participate in recreational activities
  • source of frustration and pain Types of muscle tissue - ANSWERS-- smooth
  • cardiac
  • skeletal How many skeletal muscles in the body? - ANSWERS-more than 640
  • critical for physical mobility
  • attach to bones via tendons
    • muscle contraction causes movement of skeletal bones How many bones in the body? - ANSWERS-

Axial skeleton - ANSWERS-ribs, sternum, vertebral column, skull Appendicular skeleton - ANSWERS-- pectoral gridles, pelvic gridle, upper and lower limbs Functions of bones - ANSWERS-- forming the body structure

  • supporting soft tissues
  • protecting vital organs
  • providing a point of attachment for muscles
  • storing minerals
  • forming blood cells Joints - ANSWERS-- formed when two or more bones meet
  • hold the skeleton together while providing mobility
  • structural and functional classifications generally interrelated for most joints Joints that fall outside the general classification - ANSWERS-Epiphyseal plate in children (cartilaginous) Ligaments, tendons, and cartilage - ANSWERS-- connective tissues composed of differing amounts of collagen fibers, other structural components
    • connect bones to other bones to form a joint
    • strengthen, stabilize joint
    • may limit mobility of some joints Tendons - ANSWERS-- connect bones to muscles for movement
  • carry contractile forces from muscle to bone --> movement Cartilage - ANSWERS-- flexible connective tissue
  • less flexible than muscle, not as rigid as bones
  • rest -pharmacologic therapy to manage pain and prevent muscle spasms
  • PT
  • complementary health approaches
  • surgery to remove or replace the disk MS - ANSWERS-- autoimmune disease that causes damage to the myelin sheath around nerves
  • loss of balance/dizziness
  • muscle spasms
  • numbness or tingling
  • problems moving arms or legs
  • tremor or weakness in arms or legs
  • bowel and bladder problems
  • eye, hearing, and speech problems
  • cognitive deficits
  • pharmacologic therapy to slow progression and decrease severity of attacks
  • PT
  • Speech therapy
  • assistive devices for mobility
  • healthy lifestyle (nutrition, activity, rest)
  • safety measures to prevent falls
  • counseling Osteoarthritis - ANSWERS-- degeneration of cartilage and bone in a joint
  • joint pain/swelling
  • joint stiffness
  • loss of joint flexibility
  • bone spurs
  • crepitation (crackling sounds) during joint movement
  • joint tenderness
  • pharmacologic therapy to reduce pain and swelling
  • PT
  • reduction of stress on affected joints
  • intra-articular injections of corticosteroids or hyaluronic acid
  • surgery to realign bones or replace joints
  • gentle exercises
  • weight loss
  • application of warm or cold compresses Parkinson Disease - ANSWERS-- motor system disorder caused by lack of neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain and an imbalance with a normal amount of acetylcholine
  • tremor in the hands, arms, legs, jaw, and face
  • surgery to correct curve
  • emotional support Spinal cord injury - ANSWERS-- direct damage to the spinal cord or indirect damage due to disease of surrounding tissues
  • weakness or numbness below the injury
  • muscle spasticity
  • loss of bladder and bowel control
  • pain
  • paralysis
  • difficulty breathing
  • immobilization of spine
  • pharmacologic treatment to reduce pain and swelling and prevent further damage
  • surgery to remove tissue, fluid, or objects pressing on the spinal cord
  • bed rest
  • spinal traction
  • PT and OT Back problems - ANSWERS-- caused by trauma, degenerative disorders, muscle irritation, pregnancy
  • strain over time, poor posture, improper lifting --> back pain
  • being fat, poor physical fitness contribution
  • herniated discs
  • scoliosis PRICE and POLICE - ANSWERS-Protection, Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation Optimal Loading instead of Rest in POLICE Sprain - ANSWERS-stretching or tearing of ligaments PEACE - ANSWERS-Protection, Elevate, Avoid, Compression, Education LOVE - ANSWERS-Load, Optimism, Vascularization, Exercise 5-year survival rate of amputees - ANSWERS-- lower than lung, breast, or colon cancer
  • amputation rates are higher in black Americans Collaboration - ANSWERS-- alterations in mobility require interaction among multiple clinicians to help the pt regain full mobility
  • refer pt to personal trainer or nutritionist to help build strong muscles and bones
  • refer pts to PTs or OTs to increase gross and fine motor movement
  • refer pt to counselors to help decrease stress and improve coping Concepts related to mobility - ANSWERS-- collaboration
  • comfort
  • health, wellness, illness and injury
  • mood and affect
  • safety
  • stress and coping Five Ps of Neurovascular Assessment - ANSWERS-- pain: assess on 0-

Upper vs. Lower cervical spine injuries - ANSWERS-- upper more common in children under 11

  • lower more common in adolescents Lumbar Spine ROM - ANSWERS-- flexion to 90 degrees
  • extension to 30 degrees
  • lateral bending to 35 degrees
  • rotation to 30 degrees Spinal injury trauma - ANSWERS-- more common in males
  • injury more common from 16- Shoulders ROM - ANSWERS-- flexion to 180 degrees
  • hyperextension to 50 degrees
  • internal rotation to 90 degrees
  • abduction to 180 degrees
  • adduction to 50 degrees Tendinitis - ANSWERS-- evidenced by pain of biceps tendon Rotator cuff tear - ANSWERS-- often cause pain at rest, which worsens when lying on affected side
  • pain with movement up or down
  • pain with lifting
  • more common after 40 ruptured supraspinatus tendon - ANSWERS-prevents full abduction Bursitis and calcium deposits - ANSWERS-limit abduction and cause pain

Elbows ROM - ANSWERS-- flexion to 160

  • extension to 180
  • supination and pronation to 90 Tennis elbow - ANSWERS-- pain and tenderness of lateral epicondyle
  • most common from 30- Nursemaid's Elbow - ANSWERS-Annular ligament displacement Wrist ROM - ANSWERS-- flexion to 90
  • extension to 70
  • ulnar to 55
  • radial to 20 Gout - ANSWERS-- swollen fingers with chalky discharge from tophi may indicate this
  • more common in men Trigger finger - ANSWERS-- causes a popping or clicking sensation in the finder and a tender lump at the base of the finger; the finger will become fixed in a bent position
  • more common in women
  • onset is after 40 RA - ANSWERS-- effects women more than men
  • onset is around 20 Hip ROM - ANSWERS-- flexion to 120
  • hyperextension to 30
  • abduction to 45

Ballottement Test - ANSWERS-- apply downward pressure on the knee while pushing the patella back against the femur

  • increased fluid will cause a tapping sound as the patella displaces and fluid hits the femur McMurray Test - ANSWERS-- when pt is lying, ask to turn the flexed knee toward the center of the body. Stabilize knee and apply pressure on lower leg
  • pain, locking, or popping may indicate meniscus injury Thomas Test - ANSWERS-- while pt is lying, ask pt to extend one leg while bringing the opposite leg to the chest
  • a hip flexion contracture will cause extended leg to rise off table (abnormal) Goniometer - ANSWERS-An instrument for measuring angles (as of a joint or the skull) 13.2 Table - ANSWERS- Types of crutches - ANSWERS-- axillary
  • lofstrand
  • platform Pharmacological Therapies for musculoskeletal disorders - ANSWERS-- pain relivers
  • muscle relaxants
  • anti-inflammatory
  • bone growth stimulators
  • neuro drugs Muscle growth in children - ANSWERS-- muscles almost completely formed at birth
  • growth occurs as sarcomeres are added, lengthened in muscle fibers
  • muscle fibers increase only in circumference and length, not in number
  • boys and girls have equal amounts of muscle until puberty Medication contraindications in pregnant women - ANSWERS-- warfarin may cause fetal hemorrhaging or abortion
  • anticoagulant has potential teratogenic effects Sarcopenia - ANSWERS-- progressive and generalized skeletal muscle disorder associate with falls, fractures, disability, mortality
  • mobility limitations during aging are associated with atrophy in this process Closed fracture - ANSWERS-- bone breaks but skin is intact
  • simple Open fracture - ANSWERS-- bone breaks and protrudes through skin; increased risk of osteomyelitis
  • compound Complete fracture - ANSWERS-- involves entire width of bone Greenstick fracture - ANSWERS-- bone fragments still partially joined
  • incomplete
  • common in children Comminuted fracture - ANSWERS-- bone fragments in many places
  • common in people with brittle bones, i.e. osteogenesis imperfecta Impacted fracture - ANSWERS-- two ends of the bone are forced together
  • buckle
  • often seen with children's arm and hip fractures
  • common in ppl with osteoporosis Single vs. repetitive force w/ fractures - ANSWERS-- single force likely to cause fracture at point of impact
  • small repetitive forces like to cause fracture at weakest point Three phases of fracture healing - ANSWERS-- inflammatory
  • reparative
  • remodeling Inflammatory phase - ANSWERS-- reactive
  • damage to bone, blood vessels, and surround tissue causes bleeding, hematoma, inflammation Reparative phase - ANSWERS-- fibroblasts, osteoclasts, chondroblasts secrete collagen -> fibrocartilage -> soft callus -> woven bone -> hard callus Remodeling phase - ANSWERS-- woven bone replaced by lamella bone
  • stronger, more compact, better blood circulation Delayed union - ANSWERS-- healing process takes sig. longer than expected Nonunion - ANSWERS-- fracture shows no sign of healing for at least 3 month s Malunion - ANSWERS-- bone fragments join in position that is not anatomically correct Bone Fracture - ANSWERS-- pain
  • fracture on x-ray
  • swelling, deformity, numbness
  • loss of blood, crepitus
  • immobilization (cast, traction)
  • surg. repair
  • analgesics for pain
  • RICE Compartment Syndrome - ANSWERS-- edema, swelling, ischemia
  • pain, tenderness
  • paresthesia, numbness, paralysis
  • no distal pulse
  • skin discoloration
  • renal failure (late symptom)
  • Removal of tight cast
  • fasciotomy
  • ice
  • elevate DVT - ANSWERS-- redness, warm
  • leg pain, cramp, swell
  • dislodged clots (emboli) may cause stroke, pulmonary embolism, MI
  • bed rest
  • anticoagulants
  • thrombolytics
  • purulent drainage
  • antibiotics
  • analgesics
  • antipyretics
  • wound hygiene
  • amputation Common infecting organisms - ANSWERS-- pseudomonas
  • staphylococcus
  • clostridium Traction - ANSWERS-- use of weights, ropes, and pulleys to apply force to fractures bone to maintain proper alignment Skin traction - ANSWERS-- used when only a small amount of weight is needed for traction
  • control muscle spasms
  • maintain alignment of fracture before or after internal fixation
  • provide traction if skeletal pins must be removed Skeletal traction - ANSWERS-- used when a greater force is needed or skin traction contraindicated
  • may be used in conjunction with skin traction
  • pins, wires, or screws surgically implanted into bone, weights attached to implanted hardware
  • monitor for infected pins Idiopathic OA - ANSWERS-- no identifiable cause
  • believed to be caused by mechanical, molecular factors
  • may be localized or generalized
    • localized: 1 or 2 joints
    • generalized: 3 or more joints Secondary OA - ANSWERS-- caused by underlying condition
    • injury
    • congenital malformation
    • metabolic, endocrine, or neuropathic disease
    • other medical cause OA in men - ANSWERS-hips, knees, spine OA in women - ANSWERS-hips, knees, hands Medical conditions posing as risk factors for OA - ANSWERS-diabetes, hypothyroidism, gout, paget disease Chart on 992 - ANSWERS- Arthroscopy - ANSWERS-the visual examination of the internal structure of a joint and debridement Joint resurfacing - ANSWERS-- small amount of bone removed, metal replacement is fitted over end of bone
    • often used instead of total joint replacement in younger patients Osteotomy - ANSWERS-- surgical removal of wedge of bone above or below joint
  • realign affected joint