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referent
motivates one person to communicate with anothermotivation includes sights, sounds, odors, time schedules, messages, objects, emotions, sensations, perceptions, ideas and other cues TERM 2
sender
DEFINITION 2 the person who encodes and delivers the message TERM 3
receiver
DEFINITION 3 person who receives and decodes the message TERM 4
message
DEFINITION 4 the content of the communicationcontains verbal, nonverbal and symbolic languageyou send effective messages by expressing clearly, directly and in a manner familiar to the receiver. TERM 5
channels
DEFINITION 5 means of conveying and receiving messages through visual, auditory, and tactile senses.visual: facial expressionsauditory: spoken wordstactile: touch
environment
setting for sender-receiver interactionsfor effective communication the environment needs to meet participant needs for physical and emotional comfort and safety TERM 7
feedback
DEFINITION 7 the message the receiver returnsindicates whether the receiver understood the meaning of the sender's messagesenders seek verbal and nonverbal feedback to evaluate the effectiveness of communication TERM 8
intrapersonal communication
DEFINITION 8 communication that occurs within an individualalso called self-talk, self-verbalization and inner thoughtprovides a mental rehearsal for difficult tasks or situations TERM 9
interpersonal communication
DEFINITION 9 one-on-one interaction between a nurse and another person that often occurs fact to facelevel of communication most frequently used in nursing situations and lies at the heart of nursing practice TERM 10
transpersonal communication
DEFINITION 10 interaction that occurs within a person's spiritual domainmany people use prayer, meditation, guided reflection, religious rituals or their other means to communicate with their "higher power."
intonation
tone of voice dramatically affects the meaning of a messagedepending on intonation, even a simple question or statement expresses enthusiasm, anger, concern or indifference TERM 17
clarity and brevity
DEFINITION 17 effective communcation is simple, brief, and directfewer words result in less confusion. speaking slowly, enunciating clearly, and using examples to make explanations easier to understand improve clarity TERM 18
timing and relevance
DEFINITION 18 timing is critical in communicationeven though a message is clear, poor timing prevents it from being effectiveoften the best time for interaction is when a patient expresses an interest in communicating TERM 19
personal appearance
DEFINITION 19 includes physical characteristics, facial expression and manner of dress and groomingnurses learn to develop a general impression of patient health and emotional status through appearance and patients develop a general impression of the nurse's professionalism and caring in the same way TERM 20
posture and gait
DEFINITION 20 are forms of self-expressionthe way people sit, stand and move reflects attitudes, emotions, self-concept and health status
facial expression
the face is the most expressive part of the bodyfacial expressions convey emotions such as surprise, fear, anger, happiness and sadness TERM 22
eye contact
DEFINITION 22 people signal readiness to communicate through eye contactmaintaining eye contact during conversations show respect and willingness to listenlack of eye contact make indicate anxiety, defensiveness, discomfort or lack of confidence in communicating TERM 23
gestures
DEFINITION 23 emphasize, punctuate, and clarify the spoken wordgestures alone carry specific meanings or they create messages with other communication cuesa finger pointed towards someone conveys several meanings TERM 24
sounds
DEFINITION 24 sounds such as sighs, moans, groans, or sobs also communicate feelings and thoughtscombined with other nonverbal communication, sounds help to send clear messages TERM 25
territoriality and personal space
DEFINITION 25 is the need to gain, maintain and defend one's right to spaceterritory is important because it provides people with a sense of identity, security and controlintimate zone 0 to 18 in: bathing, grooming, physical assessmentpersonal zone 18 in to 4 ft: patient's bedside, taking historysocial zone 4 to 12 ft: teaching a class, making roundspublic zone 12 ft and greater: lecturing in class, speaking at community forum
acceptance and respect
your nonjudgmental acceptance of a patient is an important characteristic of the relationshipacceptance conveys a willingness to hear a message or acknowledge feelings TERM 32
socializing
DEFINITION 32 is an important initial component of interpersonal communicationit helps people get to know one another and relaxit is easy, superficial and not deeply personal TERM 33
theraputic communication techniques
DEFINITION 33 clarifyingactive listeningrestatingreflectionhumorfocusingsharing perceptionssilenceinformingopen ended questions/statements TERM 34
clarifying
DEFINITION 34 to check whether understanding is accurate, restate an unclear or ambiguous message to clarify the sender's meaning TERM 35
active listening
DEFINITION 35 means being attentive to what a patients is saying both verbally and nonverballyNonverbal active listening:S - Sit facing the patientO - Observe an open posture (open your arms)L - Lean toward the patientE - Make and maintain eye contactR - Relax. It is important to communicate a sense of being relaxed and comfortable with the patient
restating
repeating the exact words of patients to remind them of what they said and to let them know they are heard. TERM 37
reflection
DEFINITION 37 throwing back the patients statement in a form of question helps the patient identify feelings. TERM 38
humor
DEFINITION 38 humor is an important but often underused resource in nursing interactionsit is a coping strategy that adds perspective and helps a nurse and patient adjust to stress TERM 39
focusing
DEFINITION 39 focusing centers on key elements or concepts of a messageif conversation is vague or rambling or patients begin to repeat themselves, focusing is a useful technique TERM 40
sharing perceptions/ observations
DEFINITION 40 nurses make observations or perceptions by commenting on how the other person looks, sounds or actsstating observations/perceptions often helps a patient communicate without the need for extensive questioning, focusing or clarification
blocks to communication, pt
Using Cliches Inappropriate Using Questions that Only Require a Yes or No Answer Using Questions Containing the Words Why and How Using Questions that Probe for InformationUsing Leading QuestionsUsing Comments that Give AdviceUsing Judgmental Comments TERM 47
nursing diagnoses for communication issues
DEFINITION 47 Anxiety Impaired verbal communication Compromised family coping Ineffective coping Readiness for enhanced family coping Powerlessness Impaired social interactions TERM 48
Nursing Diagnosis: Planning
DEFINITION 48 Goals and outcomes Setting priorities Continuity of care TERM 49
Nursing Diagnosis: Implementation, pt
DEFINITION 49 Therapeutic communication techniques Empathy Active listening SOLE Use of touch Use of humor Sharing observations Using silence Clarifying Focusing Paraphrasing TERM 50
Nursing Diagnosis: Implementation, pt
DEFINITION 50 Non-therapeutic communication techniques Using medical terminology Inattentive listening Prying or asking questions Changing subject False reassurance Cliches/automatic responses Asking for explanation Arguing/Defensive/Sympathy
Nursing Diagnosis: Evaluation
Evaluate if communication interactions were effective Review patients expectations of care Determine if the patient achieved expectations TERM 52
communicating with patients with special
needs
DEFINITION 52 Patients with special communication needs:Infants and children Older adult patients Mentally, visually, hearing impaired English as a second language TERM 53
communication process
DEFINITION 53 Communication is a reciprocal process in which both the sender and receiver of messages take turns participating. TERM 54
nature of
infection
DEFINITION 54 infection is the invasion of a susceptible host by pathogens or microorganisms, resulting in diseaseColonization is the presence & growth of microorganisms within a host but without tissue invasion or damageSymptomatic: if the pathogens multiply and cause clinical signs and symptomsAsymptomatic: if the clinical signs and symptoms are not present TERM 55
Chain of
infection
DEFINITION 55 infectious agentreservoirport of exitmodes of transmissionport of entrysusceptible host
modes of transmission
each disease has a specific mode of transmission.by practicing infection prevention and control techniques such as hand hygiene, you interrupt the mode of transmissionthe major route of transmission for pathogens identified in the health care setting is the unwashed hands of the health care worker TERM 62
defenses against
infection
DEFINITION 62 Normal flora: S.aureus on skin, E.coli in GI Body defense systems: Healthy skin, cilia in lungs Intact respiratory tract (ability to cough) Inflammation: Normal response to injury or trauma Immune response: bodys normal response to non- self organisms TERM 63
healthcare acquired infection
(HCAI)
DEFINITION 63 When a patient develops an infection in the health care setting Exogenous (not normal flora, comes from outside patient: salmonella, food poisoning) Microorganisms found outside the individual Endogenous (normal flora changes and opportunistic bacteria infects: after receiving antibiotics for another infection, flora can be altered and cause another infection) TERM 64
asepsis technique
DEFINITION 64 Aseptic technique A technique to keep a patient free from exposure to infection-causing pathogens Medical asepsis A clean technique used to reduce the number or spread of microorganisms Surgical asepsis A sterile techniques used to destroy microorganisms and spores TERM 65
clean & surgical
technique
DEFINITION 65 Clean technique not sterilizing everything, clean gloves, washed hands, barrier technique (changing dressings, bathing patients) Surgical technique OR, free of all microbes, instruments with have been cleaning to a sterile standard
standard/universal precautions
Use Standard Precautions with all patients for: Blood Body fluids not sweat Excretions Non-intact skin TERM 67
patient emotional issues regarding infections
DEFINITION 67 Infectious diseases create feelings of anxiety, frustration, and anger Cultural, religious, or social beliefs influence reactions to infection/infectious processes Beliefs regarding disease and vaccination influence vaccination compliance TERM 68
Hepatitis A (HAV)
DEFINITION 68 Flu- like infection Common modes of transmission: Spread by fecal- oral route by fecal contamination Contaminated food or water, sexual activity, food handlers with HAV TERM 69
Hep B (HBV)
DEFINITION 69 Common modes of transmission: Unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected partner Needle stick Blood transfusion prior to 1992 Hemodialysis Maternal-fetal route Close contact with open cuts and sores Can become hepatitis carriers, chronic hepatitis***Hep B is asymptomatic!!! , There is a vaccine! TERM 70
Hep C (HCV)
DEFINITION 70 Modes of transmission: Usually blood to blood: needle sharing, blood products, organ transplantation, needle stick, tattoos, sharing intranasal cocaine equipment Damage done over decades- induced liver cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis: leading cause of liver transplant in U.S.***Was huge issue in transplants, now there is testing done first!
Implementation in Acute care
setting
Use of standard precautions Control or eliminate infectious agents Cleaning Disinfection and sterilization Control or elimination of reservoirs Control of portals of exit Control of transmission Hand hygiene TERM 77
Hand Hygiene, pt
DEFINITION 77 Washing with soap and water:Wet hands with water Avoid splashing water against uniform Apply antiseptic soap from dispenser Wash hands for 15 seconds Keep hands down Focus on hands, fingernails and fingers Dry hands with paper towels Turn off faucet with paper towel TERM 78
Hand Hygiene, pt
DEFINITION 78 Alcohol based hand sanitizer: Before and after any patient contact Before and after any equipment contact Before and after any procedure Never use with C-diff! TERM 79
Implementation (infection control)
DEFINITION 79 Isolation and barrier protection Protective environment Personal protective equipment Removal of protective equipment Role of infection prevention and control Preparation for sterile procedures Restorative/long-term care TERM 80
Contact Precautions, pt
DEFINITION 80 For patients with known/suspected infections that are transmitted by direct or indirect contact with the patient or patients environment. MRSA/VRE, RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus), Rotavirus Chickenpox (Varicella), also use Airborne MDRO (Multi-Drug Resistant Organism)
Contact Precautions, pt
PPE for caregivers: Gown & gloves (1X use) upon entering a room/cubicle. Patient care equipment Use disposable or patient-dedicated equipment. If unavailable, disinfect equipment between patients. TERM 82
Airborne Precautions, pt
DEFINITION 82 For patients who have a known/suspected infection with organisms that stay in the air for long periods of time. Pulmonary TB (Suspected or rule out ) Chickenpox (Varicella); also use contact Measles (Rubeola) Patient placement Negative pressure room. TERM 83
Airborne Precautions, pt
DEFINITION 83 PPE for caregivers entering room: N95 respirator (must be fit tested) or Positive Air Purifying Respirator (PAPR). For transport of patient Staff not required to wear personal protective equipment TERM 84
Contact & Airborne
Precautions
DEFINITION 84 Patient placement Negative pressure room with door closed PPE for caregivers: Gown and gloves required upon entering room N95 respirator or Positive Air Purifying Respirator (PAPR) Patient care equipment: Use disposable or patient- dedicated equipment when possible. If unavailable, clean and disinfect equipment between patients. TERM 85
Droplet Precautions, pt
DEFINITION 85 For patients who have a known/suspected infection with organisms transmitted by respiratory droplets generated by a patient when coughing, sneezing or talking. Meningogoccal Meningitis Influenza German Measles (Rubella) Mumps H1N
Assessment of a Seizure, pt
Witnessed/Unwitnessed Precipitating factors Where did it start? Progress Type of movement of extremities Gaze deviation Incontinence TERM 92
Assessment of a Seizure, pt
DEFINITION 92 Mental status How long did the seizure last Mental status after seizure Motor weakness after seizure An injury from seizure TERM 93
Nursing Diagnosis (Seizures)
DEFINITION 93 Risk for injury Risk for aspiration Ineffective airway clearance related to relaxation of tongue and gag reflexes secondary to disruption in muscle innervation Anxiety related to fear of embarrassment secondary to having a seizure in public High risk for ineffective therapeutic regimen management related to insufficient knowledge of condition, medication, care during seizures etc. TERM 94
Plan (Seizures)
DEFINITION 94 Assess and detect signs and symptoms of seizure Implement seizure precautions Medications as ordered Assess history, serum drug levels, compliance with drug regime etc. TERM 95
Nursing Interventions, pt 1
(Seizures)
DEFINITION 95 Prior to a seizure: How to call for help/assistance Place pads on side rails Bed in low position Access to oxygen and suction
Nursing Interventions, pt 2
(Seizures)
During a seizure: Attempt to turn patient on side/ airway Place oxygen on patient Suction mouth as needed Do not attempt to insert anything into mouth Do not restrain Start pulse oximetry Assess type and length of seizure Administer medications as ordered TERM 97
Evaluation (Seizures)
DEFINITION 97 Identify criteria and standards Collect data Interpret findings Document and notify Revise plan of care if necessary TERM 98
Guidelines for Measuring Vital Signs
DEFINITION 98 Whenever a patient enters a health care facility Assess a patients condition Before, during and after: any procedure, blood transfusion, any change in patient, or medication Most be measured correctly Must be understood and interpreted Must be communicated and documented TERM 99
body temperature
DEFINITION 99 Heat production Heat loss = Body temperature Ranges 36 to 38 C 96.8 to 100.4 F Body tissues and cells function best within this range Temp tends to be highest 4-6pm Body temp tends to be lowest around 4-6am TERM 100
body temperature regulation
DEFINITION 100 Neural and vascular control: Hypothalmus influence Heat production Heat loss: Radiation Convection Conduction Evaporation Skin in temperature regulation Behavioral control
