Download NSG530 / NSG 530 Exam 1Advanced Pathophysiology Questions and Verified Answers 2025/2026 and more Exams Pathophysiology in PDF only on Docsity!
- A certain disease is currently found in 1 of every 10 people in the country and 1,000 people contract the disease yearly. The population of the country is 4,500,000. Which of the following statements is correct? a. The prevalence of the disease is 10% and the incidence is .02%. b. The prevalence of the disease is .02% and the incidence is 10%. c. Neither is correct. d. There is insufficient data Answer> A
- In relation to disease development, the term "etiology" refers to which of the following? a. number of people with the disease b. cause of the disease c. definition of the disease
NSG530 / NSG 530 Exam 1Advanced Pathophysiology
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d. outcome of the disease Answer> B
- Which of the following is(are) true about "symptoms"? a. objective and measurable b. the same as "signs" c. both of the above d. neither of the above Answer> D
- In 1992, there were 980 deaths in a Midwestern city with a population of 1,000,000. At the beginning of that year, 900 cases of AIDS existed in this population. During the year, 250 new cases of AIDS were diagnosed, and 75 people died of the disease in 1992. Using the data given above, what was the incidence rate (per 100,000 popula- tion) at the end of 1992 for AIDS? a. 6 b. 25 c. 88 d. 116 Answer> B
a. intracellular sodium will increase b. extracellular potassium will decrease c. cell volume will decrease d. all of the above Answer> A
- Mr. Forbes is being prepared for open heart surgery when he suffers a myocardial infarction in which a large part of his left ventricle has suffered lethal cell injury. Mr. Forbes' CPK-MB and LDH1, enzymes associated with myocardial cells, are significantly elevated. What is the best explanation for this? a. It is a sign that necrotic myocardial cells have released their cytoplasmic contents into the blood. b. It is a sign of reversible fatty accumulation in the myocardial cells c. It is a sign that the myocardial cells are undergoing hypertrophy. d. None of the above. Answer> A
- If a tissue specimen of myocardial cells were obtained for examination from Mr. Forbes, which of the following findings would indicate irreversible cell injury?
a. cellular swelling b. decreased ATP production c. decreased intracellular calcium d. dissolution of nuclear material Answer> D
- The accumulation of lactic acid that occurs with impaired energy produc- tion results from which of the following? a. increased intracellular glucose b. increased anaerobic metabolism c. decreased metabolic rate d. increased oxidative phosphorylation Answer> B
- A mountain climber is stranded at 23,000 feet in the Swiss Alps and has lost all his equipment and supplies in an avalanche. Subsequently, he suffers cell injury due to impaired ATP production. The reason for the decrease in ATP is which of the following? a. enzyme inhibition
d. hypoxia Answer> C
- Generalized hypoxia results in a switch to anaerobic metabolism in cells. Anaerobic metabolism results in which of the following? a. decreased lactic acid inside cells b. decreased arterial pH c. more effective ATP production d. increased pH inside cells Answer> B
- There is a disease of the spleen, which results in an excessive destruction of RBCs. This increase in RBC destruction can lead to which of the following? a. hypoxia b. hypobilirubinemia c. an increase in platelets d. all of the above Answer> A
- Your body has developed an increased demand for thyroid hormones. This will lead to of the thyroid gland. a. atrophy
b. hypertrophy c. dysplasia d. metaplasia Answer> B
- You palpate a gangrenous leg and note the presence of crepitus. Crepitus is associated with which of the following? a. wet gangrene
b. hypoxemia. c. necrosis. d. ischemia. Answer> D
- A cellular change, which is often precancerous, is called Answer> a. hyperplasia. b. metaplasia. c. dysplasia. d. hypertrophy. Answer> C
- Which of the following changes is indicative of irreversible cell injury? a. sodium influx into the cytoplasm b. glycolysis (anaerobic metabolism) c. detachment of ribosomes from rough endoplasmic reticulum d. release of lysosomal enzymes Answer> D
- Which of the following best describes reperfusion injury? a. The increased blood pressure in the area of reperfusion causes rupture of
small arterioles and release of free radicals. b. The return of blood flow to the area results in a burst of free radical production from neutrophils that accumulated in the area. c. Reperfusion injury results from restoration of the function of the sodi- um-potassium pump. d. Reperfusion of the area results in apoptosis of the previously ischemic cells. Answer> B
- Which of the following best describes free radicals? a. stable molecules not normally found in the body, but introduced exogenous-
Answer> C
- You are a nurse practitioner working in an outpatient clinic. Your patient's echocardiogram shows moderate aortic stenosis (narrowing of the aortic valve). You know that the stenotic valve creates an increased resistance against which the left ventricle contracts. The cellular adaptation most likely to occur in the left ventricle is which of the following? a. atrophy b. hypertrophy c. hyperplasia d. metaplasia Answer> B
- Select the condition that is an example of physiologic hyperplasia. a. breast enlargement during puberty b. endometrial hyperplasia from excessive estrogen stimulation c. prostatic hyperplasia occurring as men age d. none of the above are physiologic Answer> A
- Your patient has a long history of mitral stenosis (narrowing of the mi- tral valve). As the years go by, the left atrium, which contracts against the
increased resistance of the stenotic valve, begins to fail--and output from the left ventricle begins to decline. If the left ventricle were to undergo adaptation, what would it most likely be? a. atrophy. b. hypertrophy.
b. hyperplasia of the thyroid gland c. atrophy of the thyroid gland d. hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the thyroid gland Answer> B
- Chronic alcoholism can result in the development of a fatty liver because it results in which of the following? a. increased production of free fatty acids b. increased conversion of free fatty acids to triglycerides c. decreased oxidation of cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids d. decreased binding of cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids to apoproteins Answer> A
- Which of the following is the primary difference between wet and dry gangrene? a. Infection and inflammation are present in wet gangrene. b. Wet gangrene results from arterial occlusion and dry gangrene from venous stasis. c. Dry gangrene involves the presence of Clostridium perfringens. d. Wet gangrene occurs only in internal organs.
Answer> E
- Which of the following components is not involved in apoptosis? a. Bcl- 2 b. apaf- 1 c. caspase 9 d. cytochrome c e. HLA 2 Answer> E
a. alanine aminotransferase b. aspartate aminotransferase c. alkaline phosphatase d. all of the above e. none of the above Answer> D
- Researchers hypothesize that the disappearance of dopamine-generating cells in the midbrain in Parkinson's Disease may be related to oxidative stress due to a decrease in the amount of glutathione in the midbrain. The best explanation for this theory is which of the following? a. DNA synthesis requires glutathione for optimal development. b. Dopamine synthesis requires glutathione to prevent free radical production. c. Free radicals produced via dopamine synthesis are neutralized by glu- tathione. d. Glutathione is needed for entry of dopamine into the cerebral circulation. Answer> C
- Which of the following is(are) true regarding aging? a. may involve an increase in autoantibodies b. may result from damage accumulation c. both are true
d. neither is true Answer> C
- In theories of aging, cross-linking implies which of the following? a. The lifespan and number of times a cell can replicate are preprogrammed. b. The number of cell doublings is limited. c. There is oxygen toxicity. d. Cell permeability decreases. Answer> D
