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NSG 530 EXAM 3 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS UPDATED (202 5 /202 6 )
(VERIFIED ANSWERS)
A 3 - year-old child presents with nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. The child attends a daycare and has not been vaccinated. There is no other significant history, and his parents are healthy. Which diagnosis is supported by these symptoms? A) Hepatitis A B) Hepatitis B C) Hepatitis C D) Cirrhosis - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer> Hepatitis A A premature infant has abdominal distention, pain, fever, bradycardia, and apnea. Stools are bloody, and white blood cells are elevated. What diagnosis do these symptoms support? A) Failure to thrive B) Marasmus C) Necrotizing enterocolitis D) Celiac sprue - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer> Necrotizing enterocolitis
Which statement is TRUE regarding breast cancer? A) The older the age at a woman's first childbirth, the lower the risk. B) It is the second most common cause of cancer in women. C) The incidence has been declining since 1955. D) Hispanic women have the highest mortality rate. - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer> Hispanic women have the highest mortality rate Which of the following is TRUE regarding childhood diarrhea? A) It occurs 3 - 5 times during the first 3 years of life. B) Most episodes resolve within 24 hours. C) Infant diarrhea may be a congenital or metabolic anomaly. D) It is the second leading cause of death in children under 5 years old. - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer> Infant diarrhea may be a congenital or metabolic anomaly A patient is experiencing diuresis. Which statement is an accurate explanation? A. Increase in renin B. Increase in aldosterone C. Increase in antidiuretic hormone
B. Prerenal acute kidney injury C. Postrenal acute kidney injury D. Infrarenal acute kidney injury - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer> C. Postrenal acute kidney injury Which statement regarding renal cell carcinoma is correct? A) It is associated with p53. B) Symptoms include painless hematuria. C) Early stages produce a large abdominal mass. D) Granular cell tumors have better prognosis. - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer> B) Symptoms include painless hematuria. A patient who reports abdominal and back pain has been diagnosed with bacteria in the urine. What is the appropriate term for involvement of the upper urinary tract that is likely to cause such symptoms? A) Cystitis B) Pyelonephritis C) Urinary tract infection D) Asymptomatic bacteriuria - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer> B) Pyelonephritis With which bacteria is acute glomerulonephritis associated? A) Escherichia coli
B) Staphylococcus C) Group A Streptococcus D) Klebsiella - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer> C) Group A Streptococcus A diabetic child with 4.0 g of protein in her urine each day is experiencing edema and vitamin D deficiency. Which is the most likely diagnosis? A) Nephritic syndrome B) Nephrotic syndrome C) Acute renal failure D) Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer> Nephrotic syndrome A 2 - month-old male patient presents with the urethral opening on the dorsal surface of the penis. Which term is the correct name for this anomaly? A) Hypospadias B) Epispadias C) Exstrophy D) Ureteropelvic junction - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer> Epispadias
D) Minimal change nephropathy - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer> Henoch- Schonlein purpura What is the cause of minimal change nephropathy? A) Fusion of the glomerular foot processes B) Verotoxin of E. Coli C) iga deposition D) Inflammation of the glomeruli - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer> Fusion of the glomerular foot processes A child whose kidneys are enlarged presents with chills, fever, and abdominal pain. The most likely diagnosis is: A) acute pyelonephritis. B) vesicoureteral reflux. C) urinary tract infection. D) enuresis. - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer> acute pyelonephritis What are the major causes of bladder outlet obstruction? A) Urethral valves and polyps B) Kidney stones and Wilms' tumor C) Kidney stones and warts D) Urethral valves and warts - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer> Urethral valves and polyps
Which conditions are complications of a horseshoe kidney? (select all that apply) A) Hydronephrosis B) Hypospadias C) Infection D) Stone formation E) Enuresis - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer> Hydronephrosis Infection Stone formation The development of which characteristic is the first sign of puberty in females? A) Menarche B) Pubic hair C) Thelarche D) Dysmenorrhea - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer> Thelarche Which term describes painful menstruation associated with the release of prostaglandins in ovulatory cycles? A) Primary dysmenorrhea B) Primary amenorrhea
B) Cervicitis C) Bartholinitis D) Vulvovestibulitis - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer> Bartholinitis A patient has been diagnosed with a moderately large cystocele. What information would the nurse include in the client's teaching plan? A) Isometric exercises will help strengthen the pubococcygeal muscles. B) The symptoms will increase during menstruation. C) The condition causes urinary stress incontinence. D) This condition contributes to chronic constipation. - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer> Isometric exercises will help strengthen the pubococcygeal muscles. Which female is at greatest risk for developing a benign ovarian cyst? A) A 26 - year-old with regular menstrual cycle B) A 48 - year-old diagnosed as premenopausal C) A 13 - year-old experiencing delayed puberty D) A 70 - year-old diagnosed with a cystocele - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer> A 48 - year- old diagnosed as premenopausal Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is characterized with the presence of: A) amenorrhea. B) hypotension.
C) low cholesterol level. D) hypoandrogenism. - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer> amenorrhea A patient is diagnosed with a kidney stone that is composed of magnesium, ammonium, and phosphate. What type of urinary calculus is this? A) Calcium B) Struvite C) Uric acid D) Indinavir - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer> B) Struvite A patient has uncontrolled or premature contractions of the detrusor muscle. Which condition is associated with this medical problem? A) Spinal cord injury B) Immune system dysfunction C) Congestive heart failure D) Renal carcinoma - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer> A) Spinal cord injury Which is the most important difference between proliferative and nonproliferative breast tissue changes? A) Genetic aberrations are more common in nonproliferative lesions. B) Cancer prognosis is better for nonproliferative breast tissue changes.
B) a uterine lining depth of less than 8 mm rules out this diagnosis. C) she will be scheduled for a biopsy of the endometrial tissue. D) the use of combined hormonal contraception is a risk factor for this pathology. - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer> she will be scheduled for a biopsy of the endometrial tissue. A male patient presents with inflammation of the glans penis. Which term correctly describes this condition? A) Phimosis B) Paraphimosis C) Priapism D) Balanitis - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer> Balanitis A male patient, diagnosed with a scrotal disorder, describes the resulting feeling like a "bag of worms in there." Which condition is supported by the client's statement? A) Varicocele B) Hydrocele C) Spermatocele D) Cryptorchidism - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer> Varicocele
A young adult male is diagnosed with orchitis after reporting pain in his testes. Which assessment question demonstrates an understanding of the etiology of this condition? A) "Have you ever had the mumps?" B) "Are you prone to prolonged erections?" C) "Has your sperm count ever been tested?" D) "Have you ever been diagnosed with candidiasis?" - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer> Have you ever had the mumps? Which statement regarding benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is TRUE? A) Ten percent of men will have it by age 80 years. B) It is an uncommon condition. C) The prostate is largest at birth and continues to shrink. D) It may be problematic if urethral compression occurs. - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer
It may be problematic if urethral compression occurs A young adult reports an abnormal curvature of his penis that has
existed since puberty but is getting worse and that intercourse is painful. The client's statement supports which diagnosis? A) Peyronie disease B) Orchitis C) Phimosis D) Paraphimosis - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer> Peyronie disease
D) It generally indicates cancer. - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer> Incidence is greatest among adolescents and older men Which statement is TRUE regarding the act of retching? A) It begins with a shallow respiration. B) Hypersalivation and tachycardia are common. C) The esophagus becomes distended. D) Reverse peristalsis seldom occurs. - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer> The esophagus becomes distended A patient experiences increased mucosal discharge of chloride- or bicarbonate-rich fluid. Which of the following types of diarrhea is this? A) Osmotic B) Secretory C) Motility D) Parasitic - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer> Secretory A patient experiences abdominal pain that is very localized and intense. Which type of pain does this describe? A) Parietal B) Visceral C) Referred
D) Phantom - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer> Parietal A client is diagnosed with hematochezia. Which assessment finding confirms this diagnosis? A) Bloody vomitus B) Bright red rectal bleeding C) Presence of tarry stools D) Positive testing for occult blood - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer> Bright red rectal bleeding Which question assesses a possible cause of achalasia? A) "Are you chronically constipated?" B) "What types of high fiber foods do you eat?" C) "Do you become 'gassy' after meals?" D) "Have you ever been told you have problems with your esophagus?"
- ✔✔✔ Correct Answer> Have you ever been told you have problems with your esophagus? Which statement is true regarding hiatal hernia? A) A mixed hernia is the most common type. B) The least common type is a paraesophageal hernia.
A patient experiences chronic intermittent pain in the epigastric area when the stomach is empty and in the middle of the night. This history supports a diagnosis of: A) acute gastritis. B) chronic gastritis. C) gastric ulcer. D) duodenal ulcer. - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer> duodenal ulcer. A client is diagnosed with a Cushing ulcer. Which assessment finding supports this diagnosis? A) Third-degree burns over 20% of the body B) Profound septicemia with high fever C) Severe head trauma resulting from auto accident D) Massive internal trauma as a result of a fall - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer> Severe head trauma resulting from auto accident The poor absorption of vitamin A can result in: A) osteoporosis. B) neurologic deficiencies. C) night blindness. D) petechiae. - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer> night blindness
Which of the following is a TRUE statement regarding ulcerative colitis? A) It extends throughout the entire GI tract. B) It generally appears in childhood. C) Women are more affected than men D) Bloody, purulent diarrhea is a common symptom. - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer> Bloody, purulent diarrhea is a common symptom Which of the following is a TRUE statement regarding Crohn disease? A) It involves the mucosa only. B) Skip lesions are common. C) It affects only the rectum. D) The most common site is the rectum. - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer> Skip lesions are common A 20 - year-old man presents with periumbilical pain, fever, and loss of appetite. Which of the following is the most likely cause of his abdominal discomfort? A) Diverticulosis B) Diverticulitis C) Appendicitis D) Mesenteric venous thrombosis - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer> Appendicitis
