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NSG 313 Exam 1 With
Complete Solution
Pharmacology - ANSWER the study of drugs and their interactions with living systems
Nurses responsibility for administering drugs - ANSWER -Administering Drugs
- Assessing the drugs effect
- Intervening to make regimen more tolerable
- Providing education about drugs and regimen
- Monitoring care plan and preventing med errors
Sources of drugs - ANSWER plants, animals, synthetic chemicals, genetically engineered chemicals
preclinical trials - ANSWER Chemicals tested on laboratory animals
Phase 1 clinical trials - ANSWER drug is tested on healthy informed human volunteers
Phase 2 clinical trials - ANSWER the drug is tested on the target human population
Phase 3 clinical trials - ANSWER "extensive clinical testing phase" where drug is tested on hundreds to thousands of diverse people with the disease for 2 to 5 years
FDA approval - ANSWER Drug evaluated by FDA; if approved, may be marketed
Phase 4 clinical trials - ANSWER Testing that continues after drug has already been approved and gone to market (being sold) to test long term safety
Pregnancy catergory A - ANSWER adequate studies in pregnant women have not demonstrated a risk to the fetus in the first trimester of pregnancy; no evidence of risk in late trimesters
Pregnancy category B - ANSWER Either animal studies have not demonstrated a fetal risk but there are no controlled studies in pregnant women, or animal studies have shown an adverse effect that was not confirmed in controlled studies in women in the 1st trimester
Pregnancy Category C - ANSWER Animal reproduction studies have shown an adverse effect on the fetus and there are no adequate and well-controlled studies in humans, but potential benefits may warrant use of the drug in pregnant women despite potential risks.
Pregnancy Category D - ANSWER There is positive evidence of human fetal risk based on adverse reaction data from investigational or marketing experience or studies in humans, but potential benefits may warrant use of the drug in pregnant women despite potential risks.
Pregnancy Category X - ANSWER Studies in animals or humans have demonstrated fetal abnormalities and/or there is positive evidence of human fetal risk based on adverse reaction data from investigational or marketing experience, and the risks involved in use of the drug in pregnant women clearly outweigh potential benefits.
Schedule 1 drugs - ANSWER Highest potential for abuse, no therapeutic use,
SALAD - ANSWER sound alike look alike drugs
3 qualities of ideal drug - ANSWER - Effective
5 rights of medication administration - ANSWER TRAMP
Time, Route, Amount, Medication, Patient
Absorption - ANSWER What happens to a drug from the time it is introduced to the body until it reaches the circulating fluids and tissues
Distribution - ANSWER The movement of a drug to the body's tissues affected by lipid solubility
What effects distribution? - ANSWER lipid solubility, ionization, perfusion of reactive tissue, Protein binding, Blood-brain barrier
Metabolism (biotransformation) - ANSWER Changes drugs into new, less active chemicals
What effects drug metabolism? - ANSWER First pass effect, Hepatic enzyme system
Excretion - ANSWER Removal of drugs from the body
Where does most excretion occur? - ANSWER kidneys
critical concentration - ANSWER the concentration a drug must reach in the tissues that respond to the particular drug to cause the desired therapeutic effect
toxic concentration - ANSWER level of drug that will result in serious adverse
effects and past therapeutic effects.
Therapeutic range - ANSWER The drug dose in which the drug reaches a critical concentration
What type of therapeutic range do OTC medications have? - ANSWER wide therapeutic range
Which therapeutic range is safer? - ANSWER wide therapeutic range
half-life - ANSWER the time it takes for the amount of a drug's active substance in your body to reduce by half
peak level - ANSWER The maximum concentration of a drug in the body after administration, usually measured in a blood sample for therapeutic drug monitoring.
trough level - ANSWER The lowest concentration of drug reached in the body after it falls from its peak level, usually measured in a blood sample for therapeutic drug monitoring.
Pharmacokinetics - ANSWER The process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed within the body, metabolized, and excreted.
Pharmacodynamics - ANSWER The study of what the drug does to the body
Antagonist - ANSWER a substance that stops the action or effect of another substance
Agonist - ANSWER a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, stimulates a response
P450 metabolism - ANSWER a hemeprotein that plays a key role in the metabolism of drugs and other xenobiotics
any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent.
When might you educate a female breast-feeding to take medications? - ANSWER Directly after feeding
How can the nurse ensure they are giving medications on an empty stomach?
- ANSWER 1 hour before a meal or 2 hours after
drug-drug interactions - ANSWER when the effect of a medication is changed, enhanced, or diminished when taken with another drug, including herbal substances
What makes children and the elderly sensitive to medications? - ANSWER Unpredictably faster/slower metabolism of medication
What is significant about topical administration of medications to pediatrics?
- ANSWER They absorb it much faster than adults due to their thin skin
1kg =? lb - ANSWER 2.2 lb
16 oz =? pt,? cups - ANSWER 1 pt
2 cups
32 tbsp =? pt - ANSWER 1 pt
2 pt =? qt - ANSWER 1 qt
4 pt =? gal - ANSWER 1 gal
60mg =? gr - ANSWER 1 gr
1 mcg =? g - ANSWER 0.000001 g
1 lbs =? oz - ANSWER 16 ounces
1kg=?g - ANSWER 1000g
1 gram=? mg - ANSWER 1000 mg
1mg=? mcg - ANSWER 1000mcg
1 dram (dr) =? grains (gr) - ANSWER 60 gr (grains)
8 fl d r=? fl oz - ANSWER 1 fl oz
1tsp=? mL - ANSWER 5mL
8 dr =? oz - ANSWER 1 oz
1tbsp=? mL, ?tsp - ANSWER 15mL, 3tsp
1 liter= ?mL,? qt - ANSWER 1 liter= 1000 mL OR 1 qt
454g =? lb - ANSWER 1 lbs
1mg = ?g - ANSWER 0.001g
60 drops (gtt) = ?tsp - ANSWER 1tsp
30 mL =? fl oz,? tbsp - ANSWER 1 fl oz
2 tbsp
1 mL =? min - ANSWER 15-16 min
240 mL =? fl oz,? cup - ANSWER 8 fl oz, 1 cup
15-16 mL =? fl dr,? tbsp,? tsp - ANSWER 4 fl dr
1 tbsp
3 tsp
1000 mcg =? mg - ANSWER 1 mg
recording
anaphylactic reaction assessment - ANSWER Hives, rash, difficulty breathing, increased BP, dilated pupils, diaphoresis, "panic" feeling, increased heart rate, respiratory arrest
Cytotoxic Reaction: Assessment - ANSWER Complete blood count showing damage to blood forming cells (decreased hematocrit, white blood cell count, and platelets); liver function tests show elevated liver enzymes; renal function test shows decreased renal function
serum sickness reaction assessment - ANSWER Itchy rash, high fever, swollen lymph nodes, swollen and painful joints, edema of the face and limbs
Delayed Allergic Reaction Assessment - ANSWER Rash, hives, swollen joints (similar to the reaction to poison ivy)
What is bioavailability? - ANSWER absorption; the amount of the oral drug after passing through the liver.
What is post marketing surveillance? - ANSWER when the drug has been exposed to the greater population and they see any trends that may occur with the drug.
how does kidney affect medication administration - ANSWER depending on kidney function kidney dysfunction can lead to toxic levels of the drug in the body if it is not properly excreted.
how do we assess for proper functioning liver & kidneys - ANSWER for liver we assess for: symptoms of fever, malaise, nausea, vomiting, jaundice, change in color of urine or stools, alterations in bilirubin levels.
for kidneys we assess for: elevated BUN, eleveated creatinine concentration, decreased hematocrit, electrolyte imbalances, fatigue, edema
what happens during receptor binding - ANSWER lock and key; receptor sites react to certain chemicals effect within the cell
how do we monitor drugs with narrow therapeutic ranges - ANSWER
which drugs readily cross membranes - ANSWER lipid soluble and non-ionized drugs
what is protein binding? how does it affect medication administration? - ANSWER most drugs are bound to the extent to proteins in the blood to be carried into circulation. The more bound a protein, the more difficult it can be for medications to be released into tissue cells.
