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NS 4360 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
100% CORRECT
A statement of the problem: a. is the same as a research question b. includes a hypothesis c. explains the context for why the research is needed d. includes the research design - ANSWER C. explains the context for why the research is needed
. Most research: a. uses the scientific method b. involves finding answers to a question c. includes variables d. all of the above - ANSWER D. all of the above . An experimental study is an example of what type of research? a. qualitative b. analytic c. descriptive d. associative - ANSWER B. analytic . A randomized controlled trial is an example of a research: a. design b. question c. problem
d. control - ANSWER a design
. In an experimental study looking at the effects of a weight loss drug on weight loss, which is the independent variable? a. weight loss b. drug c. physical activity d. all of the above - ANSWER Physical activity or drug we don't know A study examined two variables: the density of fast-food restaurants in communities and the BMI of the residents. What type of relationship are the researchers looking at? a. association b. relative risk c. causation d. confounding - ANSWER A. association . Qualitative research is most likely to have what type of research purpose? a. explore b. describe c. analyze d. predict - ANSWER A. explore A prospective cohort study, such as the Nurses' Health Studies is a(n): a. experimental study b. quantitative study c. qualitative study d. exploratory study - ANSWER qualitative
E not randomized into groups its an outcomes study
. Study Summary: The objective of the study was to test whether adding a dietitian to a hospital discharge team for geriatric patients would improve the nutritional status of those patients over 6 months. Geriatric patients were randomly assigned to either the regular discharge team or the discharge team with the dietitian. All patients were at least 70 years old and determined to be at nutritional risk. The dietitian gave each discharged patient three home visits within 8 weeks of discharge. Nutritional status was measured using weight, muscle strength, and other measures. Adding a dietitian to the discharge team did improve the nutritional status of geriatric patients (Beck et al., 2015). A. Is the study quantitative or qualitative? B. Is the study basic or applied? C. Is the primary purpose of the study to explore, describe, analyze, or predict? D. Is the study experimental? E. Is the study a randomized contro - ANSWER Study Summary: The researchers examined the association between consumption of coffee with the risk of mortality in the Nurses' Health Study over a 25-year period. Results showed that higher consumption of coffee was associated with a lower risk of total mortality (Ding et al., 2015). A. Is the study quantitative or qualitative? B. Is the study basic or applied? C. Is the primary purpose of the study to explore, describe, analyze, or predict? D. Is the study experimental? E. Is the study epidemiological or translational in nature? - ANSWER
Study Summary: This study aimed to determine whether vitamin D supplementation can reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes in adults (30 or older) with prediabetes. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either a vitamin D pill or a placebo. The study was double-blinded and ran long enough to determine whether vitamin D made a difference (Pittas et al., 2014). A. Is the study quantitative or qualitative? B. Is the study basic or applied? C. Is the primary purpose of the study to explore, describe, analyze, or predict? D. Is the study experimental? Yes. Independent variable is vitamin D supplementation. E. Is the study a randomized controlled trial? Could it be an intervention or outcomes study? - ANSWER Study Summary: The aim of the study was to feed fruit flies (in the very young larval stage) a control diet or a high-sugar diet to see whether they became insulin resistant and obese, risk factors strongly associated with type 2 diabetes. Results showed that larvae on the high-sugar diet became insulin resistant, hyperglycemic, and fat (Palanker Musselman et al., 2011). A. Is the study quantitative or qualitative? B. Is the study basic or applied? C. Is the primary purpose of the study to explore, describe, analyze, or predict? D. Is the study experimental? - ANSWER
. Study Summary: The aim of the study was to see if there is a link between children being overweight or obese and developing asthma. Using results from 48 previously published studies, the researchers found a significant, but weak, association between high body weight and asthma (Papoutsakis et al., 2013). A. Is the study quantitative or qualitative?
a. narrative review b. systematic review c. primary review article d. a and b - ANSWER systematic review
. Gray literature includes which of the following? a. dissertations b. books c. technical reports from the CDC d. all of the above - ANSWER all of the above Which search will give you more results: "constipation AND fiber" or "constipation OR fiber"? How else will the results be different? - ANSWER and will give you more results Study Summary: The purpose of this research was to examine studies on the effect of low- carbohydrate and low-fat diets on weight and cardiovascular disease risk. The authors found 17 randomized control trials that met their criteria for their meta-analysis. Results showed that each diet was associated with significant weight loss and reduction in cardiovascular disease risk (Mansoor, Vinknes, Veierod, & Retterstol, 2015).
- Is the study primary or secondary research?
- Is the study a narrative or systematic review?
- Is the study a conference proceeding? - ANSWER 1. secondary
- systemic
- no . Study Summary: The objective of the study was to test whether adding a dietitian to a
hospital discharge team for geriatric patients would improve the nutritional status of those patients over 6 months. Geriatric patients were randomly assigned to either the regular discharge team or the discharge team with the dietitian. All patients were at least 70 years old and determined to be at nutritional risk. The dietitian gave each discharged patient three home visits within 8 weeks of discharge. Nutritional status was measured using weight, muscle strength, and other measures. Adding a dietitian to the discharge team did improve the nutritional status of geriatric patients (Beck et al., 2015).
- Is the study primary or secondary research?
- Is the study a narrative or systematic review?
- Is the study a conference proceeding - ANSWER 1. primary
- narrative
- no . Study Summary: This study was found in a journal, but only contained an abstract. The authors measured the prevalence of freshmen college students at risk for eating disorders as well as the prevalence of disordered eating. The study took place at a large public state university. There were 358 participants, 17% of whom were at risk for disordered eating (Woodhall, Gordon, Caine-Bish, & Falcone, 2015).
- Is the study original research (primary research)?
- Is the study a narrative or systematic review?
- Is the study a conference proceeding? - ANSWER 1. no
- narrative
- yes Study Summary: The aim of this study was to review the studies on the relationship between sodium intake and cardiovascular health. Various types of studies were included in the review. They found gaps in the literature and suggested ideas for further research (O'Donnell, Mente, & Yusuf, 2015).
- Is the study original research (primary research)?
Any conflict of interest is unethical. a. true b. false - ANSWER a true A significant financial interest when receiving NIH funding is receiving over _______ a year in payments. a. $2, b. $5, c. $7, d. $10,000 - ANSWER a 5, Which type of conflict is this: a researcher's judgment on a research topic is biased because he or she has a strong attachment to a specific point of view. a. financial conflict b. personal conflict c. conflict of commitment d. intellectual conflict - ANSWER b personal conflict
. For an IRB application, which of the following is NOT necessary? a. food samples if doing a food study b. known and potential risks c. recruitment and consent materials d. budget - ANSWER a. food samples if doing a food study
If your research involves a survey, it is likely to fit into which IRB category? a. expedited b. exempt c. full board review d. none of the above - ANSWER b. exempt
. If a RDN is involved in a quality improvement project at work, the project is generally not considered research when it is meant for internal use only and is very specific to the facility. a. true b. false - ANSWER false . At about what age is a child able to take part in the assent process? a. 5 years old b. 7 years old c. 9 years old d. 11 years old - ANSWER b. 7 years old Give three reasons research ethics is important. - ANSWER to protect human subjects conflict of interest convey information truthfully If a researcher receives money from a food company to do a research study, does that mean the study is biased? Explain why or why not. - ANSWER it would be bias because
. A Likert scale is an example of which level of measurement? a. ratio b. interval c. ordinal d. nominal - ANSWER ordinal . Research forms the basis for evidence-based practice and documents the impact of nutrition care on health outcomes. a. true b. false - ANSWER true In an associative hypothesis, one variable: a. causes the other variable b. confounds the independent variable c. is correlated with another variable d. is multidirectional - ANSWER confounds the independent variable When you accept the null hypothesis when it is false is a: a. a type I error b. a type II error c. bias d. random error - ANSWER type 2 error . __________ validity is the extent to which the independent variable actually accounted for
the study outcome. a. internal b. external c. statistical conclusion d. construct - ANSWER internal validity
. Which of these are threats to internal validity? a. maturation b. selection c. history d. testing e. all of the above - ANSWER all of the above Dividing the accessible population into groups and then using simple random sampling for each group is which type of sampling? a. systematic random sampling b. strategic random sampling c. cluster random sampling d. stratified random sampling - ANSWER stratified random sampling The weakest form of sampling is: a. network sampling b. random sampling c. convenience sampling
d. Methods - ANSWER discussion Name three extraneous variables that come up often in nutrition research. - ANSWER interfere in the relationship between the independent and dependent variables ex age, gender, education Explain what power is and what it is dependent on - ANSWER refers to the ability of a study to detect statical difference or relationships in groups when they really do ecsist helps in rejecting the null hypothesis
. Define bias and give five examples of bias. - ANSWER bias is when someone has a preconceived idea about something response instrument recall social desirability acquiescence Briefly describe the five categories of research designs discussed in this book. - ANSWER Experimental designs Quasi-experimental designs Descriptive designs Epidemiologic designs Predictive correlational designs
Answer questions about each of these research articles from looking at their titles. A. "The Effect of Mineral Water on Cardiometabolic Risk Biomarkers: A Crossover Randomized Controlled Trial in Adults with Hypercholesterolemia"
- Is there an intervention in this study?
- Is this an experimental or quasi-experimental study?
- What is/are the independent variable(s)?
- What is/are the dependent variable(s)? - ANSWER yes experimental independent: mineral water dependent: risk factors . "Trends in Breastfeeding Initiation and Duration Among U.S. Children 1999-2014"
- Is there an intervention in this study?
- Is this an epidemiologic study or descriptive study?
- Is this a cross-sectional or longitudinal study? - ANSWER no epidemiological longitudinal "Physical Activity in Relation to Urban Environments in 14 Cities Worldwide: A Cross- Sectional Study"
- Is there an intervention in this study?
- Are the researchers looking at causal or associative relationships?
- What is the independent variable?
- What is the dependent variable?
