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NREMT Final Exam - Everything you need to know
1. Medical Direction: Oversight of the patient-care aspects of an EMS system by the
Medical Director.
2. Protocols: lists of steps, such as assessments and interventions, to be taken in
different situations. Protocols are developed by the Medical Director of an EMS system
3. Offline Direction: consists of standing orders issued by the medical director that
allows EMTs to give certain medications or perform certain procedures without speaking to the medical director or another physician.
4. Online Direction: consists of orders from the on-duty physician given directly to an
EMT-B in the field by radio or telephone.
5. Standing Orders: A policy or protocol issued by a Medical Director that autho- rizes
EMT-Bs and others to perform particular skills in certain situations.
6. HEPA Mask: High Efficiency Particulate Air respirator; used for patients with
suspected TB; worn by the EMT provider to prevent airborne transmission
7. Hepatitis B: infectious inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis B virus
(HBV) that is transmitted sexually or by exposure to contaminated blood or body fluid
8. Hepatitis C: inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis C virus, transmitted by
exposure to infected blood (rarely contracted sexually)
9. Tuberculosis: Infectious disease caused by the tubercle bacillus, Mycobacterium
tuberculosis. Most commonly affects the respiratory system and causes inflamma- tion and calcification of the system.
10. Acute Stress: short term ; fight or flight response ; effects disappear quickly after it is
over
11. Scope of Practice: What we are allowed to do or trained to do
12. Standard Care: the degree of care that a reasonably prudent person should
make decisions regarding his or her medical care; may also be called a living will or durable power of attorney for health care
20. Polst: Physicians orders for life sustaining treatment. May include order for DO
NOT RESUSCITATE
21. PCR: Prehospital care report
22. Emergency Move: a move made when there is an immediate danger to the
patient.
23. Urgent Move: Move used if a scne factor causes a decline in patient's condition, or if
the treatment of a patient requires a move.
24. Non urgent move: No immediate threat to life, are carried out in such a way as to
prevent injury and to avoid discomfort and pain.
25. bariatric stretcher: Stretcher for obese patients
26. scoop stretcher: this cot splits in tow or four sections, so it can be used where larger
stretchers cannot fit.
27. basket stretcher: designed to surround and protect the patient, this stretcher is used
to move a patient from one level to another to over rough terrain.
28. flexible stretcher: made of canvas or rubberized or other flexible material, often with
wooden slats sewn into pockets and three carrying handles on each side. can be useful in restricted areas or narrow hallways
29. anatomical planes: 1. coronal (vertical cut into front and back halves) 2. trans- verse
(horizontal cut into upper and lower) 3. sagittal (vertical cut into left and right halves)
30. fowler position: a bed sitting position with the head of the bed raised to 45
degrees
31. semi fowler position: the head of the bed is raised 30 degrees; or the head of
the bed is raised 30 degrees and the knee portion is raised 15 degrees
32. shock position: feet elevated 12 inches higher than head
33. anterior: Toward the Front
34. posterior: Toward the back
35. superior: toward the head or above point of reference
36. inferior: away from the head or below point of reference
37. dorsal: Toward the back/spine
38. ventral: Toward the front/ belly
39. medial: Toward center of body
40. lateral: Away from center of body
41. bilateral: Both sides
42. unilateral: One side
43. ipsilateral: Same side
44. contralateral: opposite side
dominal cavity and aids in respiration by moving up and down
58. phrenic nerve: stimulates the diaphragm
59. edema: swelling
60. perfusion: The supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the cells and tissues
of the body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries.
61. hypo perfusion: Also known as shock (decreased blood flow through an organ, as in
hypovolemic shock; if prolonged, it may result in permanent cellular dysfunction and death.)
62. cerebrum: large part of the brain that controls the senses and thinking
63. cerebellum: the "little brain" attached to the rear of the brainstem; its functions
include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance
64. brain stem: the part of the brain continuous with the spinal cord and comprising the
medulla oblongata and pons and midbrain and parts of the hypothalamus
65. epinephrine: adrenaline; activates a sympathetic nervous system by making the
heart beat faster, stopping digestion, enlarging pupils, sending sugar into the bloodstream, preparing a blood clot faster
66. noepinephrine: A neurotransmitter from nerve endings and a hormone from the
adrenal gland. It is release in times of stress and is involved in hunger regulation, blood glucose regulation and other body processes.
67. alpha1 and Alpha2: Alpha1 vessels constrict and release sweat
Alpha2 try's to regulate alpha
68. beta 1: increases HR, inotrophy (forced contraction of heart) increases electrical
impulse in heart
69. beta 2: relaxes smooth muscle such as bronchioles and some vessels
70. pulse pressure: difference between systolic and diastolic pressure no more than
71. respiration: ..., the bodily process of inhalation and exhalation
72. pulmonary ventilation: ..., Movement of air into and out of the lungs
73. internal respiration: ..., exchange of gases between the blood and the cells of the
body
74. external respiration: ..., exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood
75. cellular respiration: ..., process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and
other food molecules in the presence of oxygen
76. carina: ..., the fork at the lower end of the trachea where the two mainstem
bronchi branch.
77. bronchioles: ..., smallest branches of the bronchi
78. pleura: ..., membrane surrounding the lungs
79. visceral pleura: ..., inner layer of pleura that surrounds each lung
Cyanosis Tachycardia may lead to dysrhythmias and eventually bradycardia Confusion Loss of coordination sleepy appearance Head bobbing Slow reaction time Altered mental status
85. dyspnea: ..., difficult or labored respiration
86. cyanosis: ..., A bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes
87. patent airway: ..., An airway that is open and clear of obstructions.
88. snoring sounds: ..., airway blocked, open patients airway promt transport
89. crowing: ..., A breathing sound similarto the cawing of a crow; may indicate that
muscles around the larynx are in spasm.
90. gurgling: ..., indicates presence of fluid in the upper airway, need for suctioning
91. stridor: ..., a whistling sound when breathing (usually heard on inspiration)
upper airway
92. n-95: ..., Mask used for a patient with TB
93. tonsil tip: ... Rigid suction
94. french tip: ...Soft suction
95. oropharyngeal: ..., -curved plastic device used to establish an airway in a
patient by displacing the tongue from the posterior wall of the oropharynx -used in unconscious patients who do not have a gag reflex
96. nasopharyngeal: ..., flexible airway inserted through the patients nose
97. retractions: ..., Movements in which the skin pulls in around the ribs during
inspiration.
98. respiratory failure: ..., a condition in which the level of oxygen in the blood becomes
dangerously low or the level of carbon dioxide becomes dangerously high
99. respiratory arrest: ..., When breathing completely stops.
100. agonal respiration: ..., Shallow, slow or infrequent breathing
101. tachypnea: ..., fast breathing, an abnormally rapid rate of respiration, usually
20 breaths per minute
102. bradypnea: ..., slow respiratory rate, usually below 10 respirations per minute
103. methods of artifical ventilation: ...Mouth to mask
Two person bag valve Fropvd One person bag valve
104. cricoid pressure: ..., Pressure on the trachea, prevents air from entering the
esophagus/stomach and vomiting
117. Hypoperfusion: inadequate perfusion also known as shock
118. Secondary assessment: after immediate life- or limb-threatening injuries/ill-
nesses have been identified, this more thorough evaluation is performed to identify more subtle, yet still important, injuries
119. Physical exam, Baseline vitals, History: Three major steps in secondary
assessments
120. Cerebrospinal fluid: clear liquid produced in the ventricles of the brain
121. Jugular vein distention: the visible bulging of the jugular vein when the Pt is in
semi-fowlers position or full fowlers position. this is indicative of inadaquate blood movement through the heart and/or lungs
122. Tension pneumothorax: a pneumothorax with rapid accumulation of air in the
pleural space causing severely high intrapleural pressures with resultant tension on the heart and great vessels
123. Pericardial tamponade: filling of the pericardial sac with fluid, which in turn
limits the filling and function of the heart.
124. Sputum: material expelled from the lungs by coughing
125. What is PMS: Pulses
motor function Sensation
126. MOI falls: Adults 20 feet
children/infants more than 10 feet or 2or3 times their height
127. Glasgow coma scale: Used for head trauma- Score 3-15, based on Eye
opening, Verbal response and Motor response.
128. less than 13: Rapid transport (what's the number on the GCS)
129. Brain herniation: Increasing intracranial pressure related to the presence of lg
pocket of blood (hematoma)
130. Ruq: contains majority of liver, gallbladder, small portion of pancreas, right
kidney, small intestines, and colon.
131. Luq: stomach
spleen left lobe of liver body of pancreas L kidney and
132. Llq: contains parts of the small and large intestines, left ovary, left fallopian
tube, left ureter
133. Rlq: contains parts of the small and large intestines, right ovary, right fallopian
tube, appendix, right ureter
134. Sublingual: beneath the tongue
infection where toxins in blood). cause: general anesthesia and spinal cord injuries and septic shock
143. Cardiogenic shock: shock that results from failure of the heart in its pumping
action.
144. Obstructive shock: mechanical obstruction or compressing that prevents blood
from reaching the heart
145. Tension pneumonthorax: A type of pneumothorax in which air can enter the
pleural space but cannot escape via the route of entry. This leads to increased pressure in the pleural space, resulting in lung collapse. The increase in pressure also compresses the heart and vena cavae, which impairs circulation.
146. Stages of shock: 1. Compensatory Shock 2. Decompensatory Shock 3. Irre-
versible Stage
147. If patient been in cardiac arrest for more than 5 min and no CPR has been
done what do you do: Provide 2 min of CPR before ard
148. aed shock then pulse check?: No aed shock then 2min CPR then pulse check
149. V-fib: completely erratic rhythm with no identifiable waves; fatal
150. V-tach: Ventricular tachycardia (an increased ventricular heart rate).
151. Asystole: the absence of a heartbeat
152. Pea: pulseless electrical activity. Heart is doing something but not pumping
153. Stop ambulance when using aed: True and shut off engine
154. Can I aed on 1-8 year olds: Yes but prefer to use less electrical dose If u
can't it is ok
155. How many shocks can I give: 2-3 with CPR in-between
156. Common diseases from wheezing: Asthma
Emphysema
Chronic bronchitis
157. Common diseases from rhonchi: Aspiration
Pneumonia Emphysema Chronic bronchitis
158. Common diseases from crackles: Pneumonia
Pulmonary edema
159. Apnea: absence of breathing
160. Hypoxia: deficient amount of oxygen in tissue cells
161. Respiratory Distress: Indicates that a patient is breathing but is having trouble
doing so. May lead to respiratory arrest.
162. Respiratory Failure: The reduction of breathing to the point where oxygen
intake is not sufficient to support life
163. Respiratory arrest: When breathing completely stops.
174. Pulmonary veins: deliver oxygen rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium
175. Coronary arteries: the two arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle
176. Thrombus: a blood clot formed within a blood vessel and remaining attached to its
place of origin
177. Atherosclerosis: the most common form of CVD; a disease characterized by
plaques along the inner walls of the arteries.
178. Acute coronary syndrome: sudden symptoms of insufficient blood supply to the
heart, sudden symptoms of insufficient blood supply to the heart indicating unstable angina or myocardial infarction
179. Angina pectoris: chest pain caused by a temporary loss of oxygenated blood to
heart muscle often caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries
180. How long does angina pain last: 2-15 min
181. AMI: acute myocardial infarction (heart attack)
182. Aortic aneurysm: congenital or developed weakness in wall of lower lumbar region
(aorta), balloons out, anterior abdominal wall pulses, untreatable if ruptures
183. Aortic Dissection: damage may result in fatal bleeding, dissection is a condi- tion
where the inner layer of the wall of the aorta begins to tear; patient may complain of pain in the chest, abdomen or back will exhibit signs of shock
184. CHF: Congestive Heart Failure failure of the heart to pump blood away from the heart
causing accumulation of fluid in the tissues and lungs
185. Cardiac arrest: The heart and breathing stop suddenly and without warning
186. Neurological deficit: any deficiency in the nervous system's functioning, typ- ically
exhibited as a motor, sensory, or cognitive deficit
187. Stroke: A medical injury to brain that is not related to truma
188. Ischemic stroke: the most common kind of stroke
189. Hemorrhagic stroke: stroke caused by the rupture of a blood vessel in the
brain
190. Thrombotic stroke: type of stroke caused by a blood clot blocking an artery in
the brain
191. Embolic stroke: a type of ischemic stroke that causes a clot to travel to the
brain, mostly from the left side of the heart
192. TIA: transient ischemic attack; temporary interference with the blood supply to the
brain
193. Seizure: sudden, transient disturbances in brain function resulting from abnor-
mal firing of nerve impulses (may or may not be associated with convulsion)
194. Epilepsy: chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizure activity
195. Status epilepticus: a condition in which there are continuing attacks of epilep- sy
without intervals of consciousness
