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NR546 PSYCHOPHARM FINAL EXAM WITH UPDATED
QUESTIONS & CORRECT ANSWERS A+ GRADED
How does the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) affect the amygdala? -^ CORRECT ANSWER
>>> inhibits and activates the amygdala
Wernicke's area is associated with which of the following? -^ CORRECT ANSWER^ >>> speech
comprehension
The limbic system is associated with which of the following -^ CORRECT ANSWER
>>> emotion and learning
Which brain structure is most associated with long term memory? -^ CORRECT ANSWER
>>> hippocampus
When prescribing psychotropic medications, the PMHNP knows that these medications work
within which specific areas? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> mood
Which of the following are involved in regulating neurotransmission via excitation-secretion
coupling? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> voltage-sensitive sodium channels and voltagesensitive
calcium channels
What system influences the length of time for a drug to achieve efficacy? - CORRECT
ANSWER >>> signal transduction cascades
One of the signal transduction cascades, pass the message from a first receptor to a second
messenger. - CORRECT ANSWER >>> G protein linked systems
Human central nervous system communication at synapses is which of the following? -
CORRECT ANSWER >>> chemical
Which of the following is an excitatory neurotransmitter? -^ CORRECT ANSWER
>>> glutamate
Which statement correctly pairs the pharmacodynamic effect with its definition? - CORRECT
ANSWER >>> antagonist effect - drug binds to receptor, but does not activate a response
A major current hypothesis for the cause of schizophrenia proposes that N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors may be which of the following?
Correct! - CORRECT ANSWER >>> hypofunctional
Which medication is least associated with weight gain? -^ CORRECT ANSWER^ >>> aripiprazole
Which dopamine pathway is associated with positive symptoms of schizophrenia? -
CORRECT ANSWER >>> mesolimbic pathway
Which pathway is associated with negative symptoms? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> The
mesocortical pathway
disorder brief psychotic disorder psychotic disorder due to a medical condition What diagnosis has a diagnosis of psychosis as a
feature? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> mania
depression cognitive disorders dementia
What are some positive symptoms? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Hallucinations
Delusions Thought disorder Hostility Excitability
What are some Negative symptoms? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Affective flattening
Alogia Anhedonia Amotivation Asociality
What area of the brain is associated with negative and affective symptoms? - CORRECT
ANSWER >>> Mesocortical and ventromedial prefrontal cortex:
What area of the brain is associated with cognitive symptoms? -^ CORRECT ANSWER
>>> Dorsolateral
What area of the brain is associated with aggressive, impulsive symptoms? - CORRECT
ANSWER >>> Orbitofrontal and connections to the amygdala
Non-selectively blocks dopamine D2 receptors, specifically in mesolimbic pathway. Improves Positive Symptoms
Use: Acute & Chronic Schizophrenia & Psychosis - CORRECT ANSWER >>> First generation
antipsychotics are associated with movement, intelligence, abstract thinking, the ability to organize, personality, behavior, and emotional control. Traumatic brain injuries can result in personality
changes, difficulty controlling emotions, and other cognitive functions - CORRECT
ANSWER >>> Frontal Lobes
responsible for proprioception, is the home of the somatic senses. This part of the brain helps a person to identify spatial relationships, interpret pain and touch in the body, and identify and
give meaning to objects - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Parietal Lobe (Middle Brain)
Damage to the anterior portion may cause asterogenesis, the loss of ability to recognize objects via the sense of touch. This may be experienced by patients with post cerebral vascular
accidents - CORRECT ANSWER >>> parietal Lobe
and involved in short-term memory, speech, auditory signals, and smell recognition. It identifies "what" things are - object identification. It contains the limbic system, amygdala, and
hippocampus. - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Temporal Lobe
Disorders from this lobe include dementia, affective disorders, and attention deficit
hyperactivity disorders (ADHD). - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Temporal Lobe
This is involved in complex motor actions and linkage of cognition to motor actions. It is the main input area for the basal ganglia and is activated when anticipating or engaging in pleasure
- CORRECT ANSWER >>> Dorsal striatum
This is involved in the reward circuit and reinforces addictive behaviors. - CORRECT
ANSWER >>> Nucleus accumbens
This is associated with pleasure, reward, and reinforcing behavior. Drug abuse affects the limbic
system, disrupting emotions and feelings associated with normal behavior. - CORRECT
ANSWER >>> Limbic system
Associated with movement, intelligence, abstract thinking. etc. -^ CORRECT ANSWER
>>> Frontal lobe
Associated with speech - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Brocas area
Involves object identification and auditory signals - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Temporal lobe
Involved in Coordination - CORRECT ANSWER >>> cerebellum
Involved in Speech comprehension - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Wernicke's area
Primary visual area - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Occipital Lobe
Keeps us alert to what is going on around us - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Parietal lobe
Involved in the reward process. - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Nucleus accumbens
Involved in sensory organ and motor command processing -^ CORRECT ANSWER
>>> thalamus
Involved in complex motor actions, also links cognition to motor actions - CORRECT
ANSWER >>> Striatum
This includes circuits that are associated with pleasure and reward, emotion and learning -
CORRECT ANSWER >>> LIMBIC SYSTEM
A group of structures involved in voluntary motor movements -^ CORRECT ANSWER^ >>> basal
ganglia
Controls the communication between the two brain hemispheres -^ CORRECT ANSWER
>>> Corpus callosum
Contains nerve fibers that connect neurons from different regions into functional circuits -
CORRECT ANSWER >>> white matter
CORRECT ANSWER >>> Negative symptoms
If the functioning of this pathway is disrupted by lesions or drugs, prolactin levels can also rise. Elevated prolactin levels are associated with galactorrhea (breast secretions), gynecomastia (enlarged breasts especially in men), amenorrhea (loss of ovulation and menstrual periods), and
possibly other problems such as sexual dysfunction. -^ CORRECT ANSWER
>>> tuberoinfundibular DA neurons
Projects from the midbrain VTA but sends its axons to areas of the prefrontal cortex, where they may have a role in mediating cognitive symptoms (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex or DLPFC) and
affective symptoms (ventromedial prefrontal cortex or VMPFC) of schizophrenia. - CORRECT
ANSWER >>> The mesocortical dopamine pathway
which projects from the substantia nigra to the basal ganglia or striatum, is part of the
extrapyramidal nervous system and controls motor function and movement. - CORRECT
ANSWER >>> Nigrostriatal dopamine pathway
projects from the midbrain ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the nucleus accumbens, a part of the limbic system of the brain thought to be involved in many behaviors such as pleasurable sensations,the powerful euphoria of drugs of abuse, and delusions and hallucinations of
psychosis. - CORRECT ANSWER >>> mesolimbic dopamine pathway
What are the three major hypotheses of pychosis? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> The Dopamine
theory, the Glutamate theory, and the serotonin theory. Treat both positive and negative signs of psychosis. They are considered serotonin-dopamine antagonists, as they maintain D2 antagonism but also have simultaneous serotonin 5HT2A antagonism. Serotonin (5HT) can regulate DA release directly or indirectly, producing various effects on dopamine (DA) neurons. 5HT1A and 5HT2A receptors have opposite actions on dopamine release. Stimulation of 5HT1A receptors increases dopamine release (a DA accelerator). Once bound to 5HT1A receptors, 5HT causes inhibition of its release, which results in increased dopamine
output. - CORRECT ANSWER >>> SGA 'atypical'
What antipsychotics have a black box warning in childen? -^ CORRECT ANSWER
>>> Aripiprazole and Quetiapine increases the risk of suicide
Drugs citalopram (Celexa) escitalopram (Lexapro) fluoxetine (Prozac)
CORRECT ANSWER >>> Gaba
When people dont have enough of this neurotransmitter, they may experience anxiety or even schizophrenia. Some meds use this neurotransmitters benefits to help people sleep for medical
procedures. - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Gaba
am also a monoamine neurotransmitter and I serve many functions in the human body. Do you remember learning about flight, fight, or fright? That's me, in excess. A little of me can get you up off the couch and have you alert, oriented, and ready to take on life's challenges. I can really
help with focus and productivity which is why you see me with a cup of coffee. - CORRECT
ANSWER >>> Norepinephrine
too much can cause antsy, nervous, and affect your ability to focus -^ CORRECT ANSWER
>>> Norepinephrine
one of the key neurotransmitters that psychotropic drugs target. Within the central nervous system, I affect arousal, motivation, attention, learning, and REM sleep. I work within the
parasympathetic nervous system too. I can make you sweat and salivate. - CORRECT
ANSWER >>> acetylcholine
Substances that block me can paralyze you because I am the link between the brain and muscles. When there's not enough of me, I can be involved in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Increase me, and I can help with symptoms, but be cautious, because I also have a role in addiction. Dr. Stahl refers to me as "the brain's own nicotine" when he talks about my role in
addiction. - CORRECT ANSWER >>> acetylcholine
I help to regulate mood. I've been called the "happy hormone," but actually I am not a hormone at all; I am a monoamine neurotransmitter. Your body synthesizes me naturally from
tryptophan. I help to regulate sleep, arousal, libido, aggression, and pain perception. -
CORRECT ANSWER >>> serotonin ( 5HT )
I am one of the key monamine neurotransmitters that regulate mood. I am associated with executive function, your ability to perform well, be organized, and all those good things including emotional intelligence. That's when I'm working hard in the prefrontal cortex. I'm also essential to your movement and coordination. Being balanced is very important to me; too
much or too little can cause problems. - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Dopamine
When my levels are low you'll lose pleasure, interest, alertness, and even self-confidence. Low
levels are also found in clients who have Parkinson's disease. -^ CORRECT ANSWER
>>> Dopamine
Too much of me is not always a good thing. I can lead to the hallucinations you see in schizophrenia and psychosis. Another thing, do you know that great feeling you get when you
win something? That's me, at work in your reward center. -^ CORRECT ANSWER
>>> Dopamine
Some people have trouble with me because my reward properties can lead to all types of
addictions. - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Dopamine
amino acid and THE excitatory neurotransmitter. I've been referred to as the workhorse of the brain because I can affect almost every neuron in the brain. I'm quite the firecracker. You'll find me working hard all over the brain affecting energy, memory, learning, and neural plasticity. I
also work to relay sensory information and regulate spinal and motor reflexes. - CORRECT
ANSWER >>> glutamate
When my levels are too high, I've been associated with schizophrenia, epilepsy, and mania. -
CORRECT ANSWER >>> glutamate
This is involved in the reward circuit and reinforces addictive behaviors. - CORRECT
ANSWER >>> Nucleus Accumbens
A group of structures involved in voluntary motor movements, cognition, and emotion. movement disorders include Parkinson's disease, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and Tourette syndrome. The striatum is a group of structures that includes the caudate, putamen, and nucleus accumbens. The dorsal striatum contains the caudate nucleus and the putamen. The ventral striatum contains the nucleus accumbens. Both are involved in facilitating voluntary
movement. - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Basal Ganglia
This is an egg-shaped structure involved in sensory organ and motor command processing. All sensory systems except for the olfaction process through this, which is responsible for processing all external information. Has been associated with symptoms related to
schizophrenia and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). - CORRECT ANSWER >>> thalamus
This is involved in complex motor actions and linkage of cognition to motor actions. It is the main input area for the basal ganglia and is activated when anticipating or engaging in pleasure.
- CORRECT ANSWER >>> Dorsal Striatum This controls the communication between the two brain hemispheres. Is involved in attention, impulse control, and emotion regulation. It integrates impulses from both sides of the brain.
Persons with an underdeveloped or missing _____ may have intellectual impairment. -
CORRECT ANSWER >>> The corpus callosum
Is located on the sides of the brain and involved in short-term memory, speech, auditory signals, and smell recognition. It identifies "what" things are - object identification. It contains the limbic system, amygdala, and hippocampus. There are multiple pathways within this which affect object identification and language comprehension, including the ability to understand semantics. A dominant __________ lesion can present as Wernicke's aphasia. Disorders of this structure include dementia, affective disorders, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorders
(ADHD). - CORRECT ANSWER >>> temporal lobe
This is the back part of the brain and controls visual processing. Damage to this lobe results in the inability to form visual memories. Bilateral lobe damage results in the inability to recognize items by sight even though vision is normal. seizures of this lobe can cause hallucinations, such
as lines of color. - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Occipital lobe
Are associated with movement, intelligence, abstract thinking. the ability to organize, personality, behavior, and emotional control. Traumatic brain injuries can result in personality
changes, difficulty controlling emotions, and other cognitive functions. - CORRECT
ANSWER >>> Frontal Lobes
The middle part of the brain, responsible for proprioception, is the home of the somatic senses. This part of the brain helps a person to identify spatial relationships, interpret pain and touch in the body, and identify and give meaning to objects. Damage to the anterior portion of this lobe may cause asterogenesis, the loss of ability to recognize objects via the sense of touch. This may
be experienced by patients with post cerebral vascular accidents. -^ CORRECT ANSWER
>>> parietal lobe
This separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe. - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Central
Sulcus It is the working area of the brain and the focus of psychiatry and neurology. Is associated with learning. Changes in this matter are linked to psychiatric diagnoses including Alzheimer's
disease, schizophrenia, and major depressive disorder. - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Gray matter
are chemicals released by neurons to send communication across synaptic clefts to other neurons. Many psychiatric disorders and client symptoms occur from an excess, deficiency, or
imbalance of this because it can impact human emotion and behavior. - CORRECT
ANSWER >>> Neurotransmitters
alertness, and even self-confidence. Low levels are also found in clients who have Parkinson's disease. Too much of me is not always a good thing. I can lead to the hallucinations you see in
schizophrenia and psychosis. - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Dopamine
I've been referred to as the workhorse of the brain because I can affect almost every neuron in the brain. I'm quite the firecracker. You'll find me working hard all over the brain affecting energy, memory, learning, and neural plasticity. I also work to relay sensory information and regulate spinal and motor reflexes. When my levels are too high, I've been associated with schizophrenia, epilepsy, and mania. My receptors, NMDA and AMPA, work with me across many
regions of the brain. I can really make things happen. - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Glutamate
