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NR507 / NR 507 Midterm Exam (Latest 2024 / 2025): Advanced Pathophysiology - Chamberlain
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3 characteristics of bronchitis - ANSWER: bronchial inflammation hypersecretion of mucus chronic productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months for at least 2 successive years 3 layers of the bronchioles - ANSWER: innermost layer middle layer - lamina propria outermost layer Acute Kidney Injury - ANSWER: Sudden decline in kidney function with a decrease in GFR and an increase in plasma creatinine and BUN levels - results in oliguria After air passes through the trachea where does it go? - ANSWER: goes into the left or right bronchi Afterload - ANSWER: the amount of resistance to open the semilunar valves and eject of blood from the ventricle alveolar hyperinflation - ANSWER: When air is unable to move out of the alveolar like it should due to bronchial walls collapsing around possible mucus plug thus trapping air inside anemia risk factors - ANSWER: acute or chronic blood loss, increased hemolysis, inadequate dietary intake or malabsorption, bone marrow suppression, age angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) - ANSWER: an enzyme that converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II Ascending infection - ANSWER: - urethra to bladder, and then to kidney
Asthma - ANSWER: Chronic disease due to bronchoconstriction and an excessive inflammatory response in the bronchioles average amount of preload? - ANSWER: 120 - 130 mls Azoetmia - ANSWER: presence of elevated plasma creatinine benign prostatic hyperplasia - ANSWER: benign growth of cells within the prostate gland Biventricular failure - ANSWER: unresolved left sided heart failure will increase pressure on the right side of the heart contributing to right sided heart failure as well Bladder anatomy - ANSWER: - ureter
causes of kidney stones - ANSWER: Family HX, chronic dehydration and infection, dietary factors, medications, imobility. Stoned more common in men than women usually ages 30/50. Causes of left sided heart failure - ANSWER: systemic hypertension left ventricle MI LV hypertrophy Aortic SL valve or bicuspid valve damage Secondary to right heart failure Causes of postrenal disease - ANSWER: BPH Calculi Inflammation Tumors Causes of right sided heart failure - ANSWER: - pulmonary disease
20% of the blood that goes through the glomerulus is passed as filtrate into the bowman's capsule depends on the hydrostatic and oncotic pressures/ starling forces between the glomerulus and bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure: a lot higher in the glomerulus (move into the nephron/bowman's capsule) oncotic pressure: higher in the blood/glomerulus than in the bowman's capsule (move into the blood/glomerulus) hydrostatic pressure is greater so there will be movement into bowman's capsule usually favors the filtrate to go into the bowman's capsule each persons full body is filtered about every 40 minutes function of hemoglobin - ANSWER: In red blood cells, carries oxygen from the lungs to body's tissues and returns carbon dioxide from tissues back to lungs. It also maintains the shape of red blood cells. glomerulonephritis - ANSWER: inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney heart failure - ANSWER: cardiac dysfunction caused by the inability of the heart to provide adequate CO resulting in inadequate tissue perfusion Hematopoiesis - ANSWER: formation of blood cells hematopoietic stem cells - ANSWER: The stem cells that give rise to RBC WBC and platelets through the process of haematopoiesis. hemolytic anemia - ANSWER: premature destruction of RBCs
hemolytic anemia is what kind of anemia - ANSWER: normocytic normochromic anemia High output failure - ANSWER: inability of the heart to pump sufficient amounts of blood to meet the circulatory needs of the body despite normal blood volume and cardiac contractility How does a hematopoietic stem cell produce a red blood cell - ANSWER: hematopoietic stem cells produces an unndifferentiated hemocytoblast
acetylcholine which binds to the cholinergic receptors of the respiratory tract to cause bronchial constriction = decreased airflow
Pathophysiology of asthma (5) - ANSWER: - airway inflammation, bronchial hyper-reactivity and smooth muscle spasm
chronic hypoxemia right sided heart failure - ANSWER: inability of the right ventricle to provide adequate blood flow into the pulmonary circulation Right to left shunting - ANSWER: when blood passes from the right ventricle through the lungs and to the left ventricle without perfusion Role of macrophages - ANSWER: - In Innate:
signs and symptoms of right sided heart failure - ANSWER: jugular vein distension hepatosplenomegaly peripheral edema sliding filament theory - ANSWER: theory that actin filaments slide toward each other during muscle contraction, while the myosin filaments are still Stenosis of a heart valve, may result in what? - ANSWER: Narrowing of the heart valves means that blood moves with difficulty out of the heart. Results may include chest pain, edema in the feet or ankles, and irregular heartbeat. and hypertrophy Stenosis of heart valve - ANSWER: A narrowing of the valve opening, causing turbulent flow and enlargement of the emptying chamber Stimulation of what set a resting HR (chronotropic state) - ANSWER: parasympathetic system structure of the lamina propria - ANSWER: embedded with connective tissue cells and immune cells Troponin-Calcium Binding - ANSWER: Calcium binds to troponin on the thin filament tubular necrosis - ANSWER: the renal tubules cells are highly sensitive to low oxygen levels or presence of toxins and leads to tubular necrosis vesicoureteral reflux - ANSWER: Abnormal ureter-bladder connection allowing retrograde flow of urine from bladder to ureters and/or kidneys What acid-base disorder is seen in chronic bronchitis? - ANSWER: respiratory acidosis What are 5 s/s of asthma - ANSWER: coughing
What can extreme vagal response result in? - ANSWER: life threatening bradycardia What can uncontrolled tachycardia lead to? - ANSWER: reduced stroke volume and fatigue What causes blood to move from the atria to the ventricles - ANSWER: gravity and atriole systole What causes the S1 heart sound? - ANSWER: Bicuspid/Mitral and Tricuspid valves closing What causes the S2 heart sound? - ANSWER: closing of semilunar (aortic and pulmonary) valves What causes the semilunar valves to close? - ANSWER: ventricles relax and intraventricular pressure falls, blood flows back from the arteries, and fill the cusps of the semilunar valves What causes the semilunar valves to open? - ANSWER: As ventricles contract and intraventricular pressure rises, blood is pushed up against the SL valves, forcing them to open what decreases cardiac muscle contraction - ANSWER: low ATP levels; ischemia hypoxia or acidosis What do anticholinergics do in the lungs? - ANSWER: These drugs block the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system
high HR = lower fill time = lower stroke volume When fibers stretch during diastole how does that effect contraction? - ANSWER: contraction is stronger Where does air enter the body? - ANSWER: naso and oropharynx (mouth and nose) Where does air flow after the bronchi? - ANSWER: into the smaller bronchioles Where does air flow after the bronchioles? - ANSWER: into the alveoli Where does air go after it passes through the nose and mouth? - ANSWER: it passes through the trachea Where does blood cell formation occur in a fetus - ANSWER: 3 weeks - yolk week 8 - fetal liver and spleen 5th month - bone marrow Where is most of the solute reabsorbed? - ANSWER: proximal convoluted tubule Why are kidneys and bladders at high risk for cancer - ANSWER: - UT is the route of excretion for many toxins and contains highly mitotic cells Why does hepatosplenomegaly develop in right sided heart failure - ANSWER: the large volume of blood flow through the liver and spleen causes these areas to be engorged why does peripheral edema occur in right sided heart failure - ANSWER: Increased pressure forces fluid from the systemic capillaries into the peripheral tissues and flood those areas Why is there azoetmia with renal failure? - ANSWER: Decreased GFR means waste is remains in the bloodstream and is not excreted
Why is there cyanosis with chronic bronchitis - ANSWER: there is hypoxia due to unfavorable conditions for gas exchange Why is there edema with glomerulonephritis - ANSWER: the loss of albumin from the bloodstream reduces plasma oncotic pressure and results in edema Why is there oliguria with renal failure? - ANSWER: when the glomerual structure has sustained enough damage the nephron structure is no longer functional as a filtration unit Wilms tumor - ANSWER: - Embryonal kidney tumor associated with defective tumor (WT) genes