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NR507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW (2025) Actual Exam Questions and Answers A+ Graded
Typology: Exams
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.the .skin .and .joints. .The .clinical .presentation .includes .the
.presentation .of .erythematous .plaques .with .silvery-white
.scales .that .can .affect .any .site .of .the .body, .but .is .often
.found .on .the .extensor .surfaces .of .the .limbs, .trunk, .scalp,
.and .buttocks. .The .nails .may .also .be .affected .by .plaques,
.pitting, .and .distal .onycholysis. .Associated .symptoms
.include .itching. or .local .pain. .The .disease .can .be .classified
.as .mild, .moderate, .or .severe, .depending .on .the .affected
.body .surface .area, .presence .of .erythema, .induration, .and
.scaling.
3
.analog .treatment .for .mild .to .moderate .disease. .If .topical
.agents .do .not .provide .adequate .treatment .response, .then
.referral .to .dermatology .to .manage .patients .with
.phototherapy .and/or .nonbiologic .(e.g., .Acitretin,
.Methotrexate, .and .Cyclosporine) .or .biologic .(e.g., .Humira,
.Enbrel, .and .Cosentyx) .agents .may .be .warranted.
Psoriasis
Rosacea
.with .a .rash .and .mild .itching. .The
.physical .exam .reveals .erythematous
.raised .patches .and .silver .scales; .the
.patches .vary .in .size .and .are .located .on
.bilateral .elbows .and .on .the .lower .back.
.Nail .pitting .and .onycholysis .are .also
.observed. .The .patient .has .a .long .history
.of .smoking. .Which .is .the. most. likely
.diagnosis?
Week. 4 .review
Pre/Intra/Post. Renal
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.vasculature.
Post-renal
.ureter, .bladder .or .urethra .due .to .some .type .of .obstruction, .that .include .stones
.and. strictures.. An. obstruction. can. occur. anywhere. along. this. pathway.
Week. 5 .review
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GAD .autoantibodies:
Target. insulin-producing. pancreatic. 𝐀. cells
Autoimmune .destruction .of .80%–90% .of .cells
Leads .to .insulin .deficiency .and .hyperglycemia.
Islet .cell .cytoplasmic .autoantibodies .(ICA)
Insulinoma-associated-2. (IA-2). autoantibodies
Insulin. autoantibodies. (IAAs)
Zinc .transporter-8 .autoantibodies .(ZnT8A)
.
Require .insulin .replacement .at .all .times .to .treat .hyperglycemia
Failure .to .supplement .insulin .leads .to:
Diabetic .ketoacidosis .(DKA) .(can .be .life-threatening)
Chronic .complications .of .diabetes
Pathophysiology.of.type. 2 .DM
.muscle, .and .adipose .cells.
Impaired .hepatic .sensitivity .to .insulin .leads .to .lack .of .inhibition .of .glycogenolysis
.and .gluconeogenesis
DM .testing
.Guidelines
Thyroid .Dysfunctions
.hormones, .creating .an .increase .in
.the .body’s .metabolism.
.from .autoimmune .conditions .(such .as
.Graves .disease), .goiter, .or .iodine
.administration. .This .results .in .weight .loss,
.increased .heart .rate, .heat .intolerance,
.and .often .anxiety.
.emotional .lability, .amenorrhea, .and
.palpitations. .Many .of .these .symptoms .are
.caused .by .an .increased .sympathetic
.response.