Download NR 511 Week 4 Midterm Exam Answers for Physical Assessment and Common Diseases and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!
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I. Define diagnostic reasoning Reflective thinking because the process involves questioning one's thinking to determine if all possible avenues have been explored & if thhe conclusions that are being drawn are based on evidence. Seen as a kind of critical thinking. II. What is subjective data? Anything the patient tells you or complains of regarding thheir symptoms Chief complaint HPI ROS III. What is objective data? Anything YOU can see, touch, feel, hear, or smell as part of your exam Includes lab data, diagnostic test results, etc. IV. Identify components of HPI Specifically related to thhe chief complaint only Detailed breakdown of CC OLDCARTS V. Describe thhe differences between medical billing & medical coding. Medical billing: process of submitting & following up on claims made to a payer in order to receive payment for medical services rendered by a
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healthcare provider Medical coding: thhe use of codes to communicate with payers about which procedures were performed & why. VI. Compare & contrast thhe two coding classification systems that are currently used in thhe US healthcare system. ICD: International classification of disease codes are used to provide payer info on necessity of visit or procedure performed. Shorth& for pt's dx. CPT: common procedural terminology codes offer thhe official procedural coding rules & guidelines required when reporting medical services & procedures performed by physician & non-physician providers. Must have corresponding ICD. VII. How do specificity, sensitivity, & predictive value contribute to thhe usefulness of diagnostic data? Specificity: ability of a test to correctly detect a specific condition. If a pt has a condition but test is negative, it is a false negative. If pt does NOT have condition but test is
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Thhe more time & consideration involved in dealing with a pt, thhe higher thhe reimbursement from thhe payer. Documentation must reflect MDM X. Correctly order thhe E&M office visit codes based on complexity from least to most complex. New pt:
- Minimal/RN visit: 99201
- Problem focused: 99202
- Exp&ed problem focused: 99203
- Detailed: 99204
- Comprehensive: 99205 Established pt:
- Minimal/RN visit: 99211
- Problem focused: 99212
- Exp&ed problem focused: 99213
- Detailed: 99214
- Comprehensive: 99215
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11. Thhe 5 key components of a comprehensive treatment plan are:
- Diagnostics
- Medication
- Education
- Referral/consultation
- Follow-up planning 12. Define thhe components of a SOAP note. S: subjective (what thhe pt tells you) CC HPI PMH Fam Hx Social Hx ROS O: objective (what you can see, hear, feel on exam) Physical findings Vital signs General survey HEENT Etc... A: assessment Global assessment of pt including differentials in order from most to least likely Combination of subjective & objective info
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Is essential in order to accurately code & bill for services
14. Why does every procedure code need a corresponding diagnosis code? Diagnosis code explains thhe necessity of thhe procedure code. Insurance won't pay if thhey don't correspond. 15. What are thhe three components required in determining an outpatient, office visit E&M code? Plan of service Type of service Patient status 16. Correctly ID a pt as a new or established given historical info. Pt status: whethher or not pt is new or established. New: has not received professional service from provider in same group within past 3 years. Established: has received professional service from provider in same group in last 3 years. 17. What does a well-rounded clinical experience mean? Includes seeing kids from birth through young adult visits for well child & acute visits, as well as adults for wellness or acute/routine visits. Seeing a variety of pt's, including 15% of peds & 15% of women's health of
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total time in thhe program.
18. What are thhe maximum number of hours that time can be spent "rounding" in a facility? No more than 25% of total practicum hours in thhe program 19. What are 9 things that must be documented when inputting data into clinical encounter logs? Date of service Age Gender & ethnicity Visit E&M code CC Procedures Tests performed/ordered Dx Level of involvement 20. What does thhe acronym SNAPPS st& for?
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Labs: CBC, ESR. Most othher labs & radiology/scopes are normal. Dx made on careful H&P. May be associated with nonintestinal (extra-intestinal) symptoms (sexual function difficulty, muscle aches/pains, fatigue, fibromyalgia, HAs, back pain, urinary symptoms). Not associate with serious medical consequences. Not a risk factor for othher serious GI dz's. Does not put extra stress on othher organs. Overall prognosis is excellent. Major problem: changes quality of life. Treatment: based on symptom pattern. May include diet, education, pharm (for mod- severe pt's)/othher supportive interventions. Usually focuses on lifestyle, diet, & stress reduction. NO PROVEN TREATMENT! Antidiarrheals: use temporarily, reserve for severe. Loperamide (Imodium) or diphenoxylate (Lomotil) 2.5-5mg q6h usually works. Constipation: high fiber diet, hydration, exercise, bulking agents. If thhese don't work, intermittent use of stimulant laxatives (lactulose or mag hydroxide); don't use long-term! Linzess (linaclotide), Trulance (plecanatide), & Amitiza (lubiprostone): newer for constipation, work locally on apical membrane of GI tract to increase intestinal fluid secretion & improve fecal transit. Abd pain: dicloclymine (Bentyl), hyoscyamine (avoid anticholinergics in glaucoma & BPH, especially in elderly). TCAs & SSRIs can relieve symptoms in some pt's.
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Can be managed by PCP, but if not responsive to tx, refer to GI. IBD: chronic immunological dz that manifests in intestinal inflammation. UC & Crohn's are most common. UC: mucosal surface of colon is inflamed, resulting in friability, erosions, bleeding. Usually occurs in rectosigmoid area, but can involve entire colon. Ulcers form in eroded tissue, abscesses form in crypts, become necrotic & ulcerate, mucosa thickens/swells, narrowing lumen. Pt's are at risk for perforation. Symptoms: bleeding, cramping, urge to defecate. Stools are watery diarrhea with blood/mucus. Fecal leuks almost always present in active UC. Tenderness usually in LLQ or across entire abd. Crohn's: inflammation extends deeper into intestinal wall. Can involve all or any layer of bowel wall & any portion of GI tract from mouth to anus. Characteristic segmental presentation of dz'd bowel separated by areas of normal mucosa ("skipped lesions"). With progression, fibrosis thickens bowel wall, narrowing lumen, leading to obstructions, fistulas, ulcerations. Pt's are at greater risk for colorectal cancer. Most common symptoms: cramping, fever, anorexia, wt loss, spasms, flatulance, RLQ pain/mass, bloody/mucus/pus stools. Symptoms increase with stress, after meals. 50% of pt's have perianal involvement (anal/perianal fissures). Inflammation can lead to bleeding, fever, increased WBC, diarrhea, cramping. Abnormalities can be seen on cross-sectional imaging or colonscopy. No single explanation for IBD. Thheory: viral, bacterial, or allergic process initially inflames small or large intestine, results in antibody development which chronically attack intestine, leading to inflammation. Possible genetic
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Objective: Tenderness in LLQ Maybe firm, fixed mass at area of diverticuli Maybe rebound tenderness w/involuntary guarding/rigidity Hypoactive bowel sounds initially, thhen hyperactive if obstructive process present Rectal tenderness +occult blood Diagnostics: Mild-moderate leukocytosis Possibly decreased hgb/hct r/t rectal bleeding Bladder fistula: urine will have increased WBC/RBC, culture may be + If peritonitis, blood culture should be done (for bacteremia) Abd XR: perforation, peritonitis, ileus, obstruction CT may be needed to confirm
26. What is thhe difference between sensorineural & conductive hearing loss? Sensorineural: results from deterioration of cochlea due to loss of hair cells from organ of Corti. Very common in adults. Gradual, progressive, predominantly high-frequency loss w/advanced aging (presbyacusis). Othher causes: ototoxic drugs, loud noises, head trauma, autoimmune dz, metabolic dz, acoustic neuroma. Genetic makeup can influence.
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Not correctable w/medical or surgical thherapies, but can stabilize if loss is gradual. Sudden loss may respond to corticosteroids if given in first few weeks of onset. Dx usually made by audiometry (audiogram) where bone conduction thresholds are measured. Done by audiologist. No proven or recommended treatment/cure. Hearing strategies/aids, or for profound/total deafness, cochlear implants. In Weber test: normal ear hears sounds better. Commonly seen in primary care: tinnitus & Meniere's. Conductive: result of obstruction between middle & outer ear. From cerumen accumulation/impaction, FB in canal, otitis externa/media, middle ear effusion, otosclerosis, vascular anomaly, or cholesteatoma. Tx depends on accurately identified etiology. Most types are reversible. In Weber test: defective ear hears tuning fork louder. In Rinne test: bone conduction is greater than air conduction, so pt will report BC sound longer than AC sound.
27. What is thhe triad of symptoms associated with Meniere's disease?
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Flu A&B Coxsackie Enterovirus es
30. What is thhe most common cause of acute n/v? Acute gastroenteritis 31. What is thhe importance of obtaining an abdominal XR to rule out perforation or obstruction even though thhe diagnosis of diverticulitis can be made clinically? To look for free air (indicating perforation), ileus, or obstruction & treat empirically. Early treatment leads to better outcomes, so don't delay treatment. 32. What are colon cancer screening recommendations relative to certain populations? Age 50 or older: initial scope at 50yo, thhen every 10yrs. If at increased/high risk of colorectal cancer, start screening earlier (i.e. age
- & be screened more often based on findings. African Americans: Starts screening at age 40-45. 33. Identify at least two disorders that are considered to be disorders related to conductive hearing loss. Cerumen accumulation/impaction FB in ear canal
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Otitis externa Chronic otitis media Middle ear effusion Tosclerosis Vascular anomaly Cholesteatoma
34. What is thhe most common cause of bacterial pharyngitis? Group A Beta Hemolytic Streptococcus (GABHS) 35. What are thhe clinical findings associated with mononucleosis? Gradual onset of fever Marked malaise Severe sore throat Maybe exudative tonsillitis (50% of cases) Palatal petechiae/rash Anterior/posterior cervical lymphadenopathy Splenic enlargement 36. How is thhe diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis made clinically based on thhe Centor criteria? Fever >38C (100.5F) Tender anterior cervical
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OLDCARTS
Upper abd pain: ask about chronic/recurring & related symptoms (bloating, fullness, heartburn, n/v) Lower abd pain: if acute, is pain sharp, intermittent continuous? If chronic, is thhere a change in bowel habits (alternating diarrhea/constipation)? Radiation?
41. What is at least one effective treatment for IBS? Diet (avoid lactose, caffeine, legumes, artificial sweeteners; eat low-fat diet with increased protein, high fiber, bulk-producing agents, 64oz water daily) Lifestyle modification Exercise Stress reduction Pharm (for moderate-severe symptoms only): antidiarrheals (imodium, lomotil), laxatives (lactulose, mag hydroxide), antispasmodics (dicyclomine, hyoscyamine), tricyclic antidepressants; avoid anticholinergics with glaucoma & BPH pts. 42. What is at least one prescription med used to treat chronic constipation? Linzess (linaclotide) Trulance (plecanatide) Amitiza (lubiprostone) Lactulose Mag hydroxide
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43. What is at least one treatment for Meniere's disease? Bedrest with eyes closed, protection from falling Maintenance thherapy: chlorothiazide (Diurel) 500mg/day Meclizine Promethazine Dimenhydrinat e Diphenhydrami ne Metoclopramid e 44. T/F Thhe majority of dyspnea complaints are due to cardiac or pulmonary decompensation. True 45. What are thhe differences between intrathorax & extrathorax flow disorders? Intra: obstruction of distal/smaller airway (asthma, bronchiolitis, vascular ring, solid FB aspiration, lymph node enlargement pressure). Take place in thhe supraglottic, glottis, & infraglottic regions. Supraglottic = space above larynx & epiglottis. Glottis = area of opening in vocal cords. Infraglottic = starts at bottom of vocal cords & ends at top of trachea.
