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A series of questions and answers covering key concepts in advanced pathophysiology. it's valuable for students preparing for exams, offering a comprehensive review of topics such as the nervous system, renal physiology, hematology, immunology, and cardiovascular function. The questions test understanding of physiological processes and disease mechanisms, making it a useful study resource for university-level students.
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The lung is innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system via which nerve? Vagus Phrenic Brachial Pectoral Fibers of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) travel only in the vagus nerve to the lung. What is the action of urodilatin? Urodilatin causes vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles. It causes vasodilation of the efferent arterioles.
Urodilatin inhibits antidiuretic hormone secretion.
Which statement best describes a Schilling test? Question 4
Administration of radioactive cobalamin and the measurement of its excretion in the urine^ to^ test for^ vitamin^ B 12 deficiency Measurement of antigen-antibody immune complexes in the blood to test for hemolytic anemia Measurement of serum ferritin and total iron-binding capacity in the blood to test for iron deficiency anemia Administration of folate and measurement in 2 hours of its level in a blood sample to test for folic acid deficiency anemia. The Schilling test indirectly evaluates vitamin B 12 absorption by administering radioactive B 12 and measuring excretion in the urine. This selection is the only option that accurately (^) describes a Schilling test. Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) can occur if the mother: Is Rh-positive and the fetus is Rh-negative Is Rh-negative and the fetus is Rh-positive Has type A blood and the fetus has type O Has type AB blood and the fetus has type B Question 5
Question 6
Which T-lymphocyte phenotype is the key determinant of childhood asthma? Cluster of differentiation (CD) 4 T-helper Th 1 lymphocytes CD 4 T-helper Th 2 lymphocytes CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocytes Memory T lymphocytes Asthma develops because the Th 2 response (in which CD 4 T-helper cells produce specific cytokines, such as interleukin [IL]–4, IL-5, and IL-13) promotes an atopic and allergic response in the airways. This selection is the only option that accurately identifies the appropriate T-lymphocyte phenotype. Perceived stress elicits an emotional, anticipatory response that begins where? Prefrontal cortex Anterior pituitary Limbic system Question 7
Hypothalamus Perceived stressors elicit an anticipatory response that begins in the limbic system of the brain, the only option responsible for emotions and cognition. Hypersensitivity is best defined as a(an): Disturbance in the immunologic tolerance of self-antigens Immunologic reaction of one person to the tissue of another person Altered immunologic response to an antigen that results in disease Undetectable immune response in the presence of antigens Hypersensitivity is an altered immunologic response to an antigen that results in disease or damage to the host. The other options are not accurate definitions of hypersensitivity. It has been determined that a tumor is in stage 2. What is the meaning of this finding? Cancer is confined to the organ of origin. Question 9
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Question 10
Cancer is locally invasive. Cancer has spread to distant sites Cancer confined to the organ of origin is stage 1; cancer that is locally invasive is stage2; cancer that has spread to regional structures, such as the lymph nodes, is stage 3; and cancer that has spread to distant sites, such as a liver cancer spreading to the lungor a prostate cancer spreading to bone, is stage 4. An infant has a loud, harsh, holosystolic murmur and systolic thrill that can be detected at the left lower sternal border that radiates to the neck. These clinical findings are consistent with which congenital heart defect? Atrial septal defect (ASD) Ventricular septal defect (VSD) Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) Atrioventricular canal (AVC) defect On physical examination, a loud, harsh, holosystolic murmur and systolic thrill can be detected at the left lower sternal border. The intensity of the murmur reflects the pressure gradient across the VSD. An apical diastolic rumble may
be present with a moderate-to-large defect, reflecting increased flow across the mitral valve. The
Blood flow from the umbilical cord
Question 13
Blood flow to the lungs The nonfused septum secundum and ostium secundum result in the formation of aflapped orifice known as the foramen ovale , which allows the right-to-left shunting necessary for fetal circulation. The foramen ovale is not involved in the blood flow described by the other options. Which laboratory test is considered adequate for an accurate and reliable diagnosis of gonococcal urethritis in a symptomatic man? Ligase chain reaction (LCR) Gram-stain technique Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) DNA testing Microscopic evaluation of Gram-stained slides of clinical specimens is deemed positive for Neisseria gonorrhoeae if gram-negative diplococci with the typical “kidney bean” morphologic appearance are found inside polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Such a finding is considered adequate for the diagnosis of gonococcal urethritis in a symptomatic man. The other options are not relevant to the diagnosis of this condition.
Question 15
Atelectasis and pneumonia Edema of the hands and feet Stasis ulcers of the hands, ankles, and feet Splenomegaly and hepatomegaly Symmetric, painful swelling of the hands and feet (hand-foot syndrome) caused by infarction in the small vessels of the extremities is often the initial manifestation of SCD in infants. This selection is the only option that accurately identifies the manifestations ofa vasoocclusive crisis associated with SCD in infancy. Which statement concerning benign tumors is true? The resulting pain is severe. Benign tumors are not encapsulated. Benign tumors are fast growing. The cells are well-differentiated.
Abenign tumor is well-differentiated with its tissue appearing similar to the tissue from which it arose. The other options are characteristic of a malignant tumor. Which primary characteristic is unique for the immune response? The immune response is similar each time it is activated. The immune response is specific to the antigen that initiates it. The response to a specific pathogen is short term. The response is innate, rather than acquired. Unlike inflammation, which is nonspecifically activated by cellular damage and pathogenic microorganisms, the immune response is primarily designed to afford long- term specific protection (i.e., immunity) against particular invading microorganisms; that is, it has a memory function. The other options are not unique characteristics of the immune response. Which criterion is used to confirm a diagnosis of asthma in an 8-year-old child? Parental history of asthma Serum testing that confirms increased immunoglobulin E (IgE) and eosinophil levels Question 17
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Question 20
How much urine accumulates in the bladder before the mechanoreceptors sense bladder fullness? 75 to 100 ml 100 to 150 ml 250 to 300 ml 350 to 400 ml When the bladder accumulates 250 to 300 ml of urine, it contracts and the internalurethral sphincter relaxes through activation of the spinal reflex arc (known as the micturition reflex ). Which disorder results in decreased erythrocytes and platelets with changes in leukocytes and has clinical manifestations of pallor, fatigue, petechiae, purpura, bleeding, and fever? Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
