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A comprehensive set of questions and answers covering key concepts in advanced pathophysiology, specifically focusing on urinary tract infections, benign prostatic hyperplasia, renal calculi, urinary incontinence, and acute renal failure. it's a valuable resource for students to test their understanding and prepare for exams. The questions delve into the pathophysiology, risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of various conditions, making it ideal for self-assessment and knowledge reinforcement.
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What is a symptom of a lower urinary tract infection? correct answers ✅Urgency What is true regarding complicated UTIs? correct answers ✅Can be caused by a structural urinary tract disorder What can help prevent a UTI? correct answers ✅Increased water consumption True/False: Women are at higher risk of developing UTI because they have a shorter urethra correct answers ✅True What is a risk factor for developing a UTI? correct answers ✅Pregnancy What is true regarding an uncomplicated UTI? correct answers ✅- Occurs in the normal urinary tract
What is true regarding a complicated UTI? correct answers ✅- UTI that extends beyond the bladder
True/False: The purpose of straining in BPH is to overcome the obstruction encountered during urination correct answers ✅True What is the reaction of 5-Alpha reductase inhibitors? correct answers ✅To cause shrinkage of the prostate gland Where are the hyper plastic nodules of BPH located? correct answers ✅Periurethral zone Why are men who have BPH prone to develop UTIs? correct answers ✅Because of the stagnation of urine in the bladder that promotes bacterial growth. True/False: PSA helps liquefy semen post-ejaculation correct answers ✅True True/False: The underlying cause of BPH is that normal prostate cells respond to increases in dihydrotestosterone
that causes them to live longer & multiply correct answers ✅True What is the most common type of formed stone? correct answers ✅Calcium stone What is the type of stone formed during a UTI? correct answers ✅Struvite stone True/False: The gold standard for diagnosing a renal stone is a urinalysis correct answers ✅False- CT scan is the gold standard for diagnosing a renal stone True/False: Renal stones are formed when calcium & oxalate in the urine combine correct answers ✅True True/False: Renal calculi are typically confined to the bladder correct answers ✅False - Renal calculi can be found in the ureter or the bladder
This relay station in the brain plays a major role in regulation micturition (urination) correct answers ✅Pontine micturition center True/False: The location of the internal sphincter is under the urogenital diaphragm correct answers ✅False - located in the bladder True/False: The elevator ani muscle plays a role in constriction of the external sphincter correct answers ✅True Which of the following actions will relax the detrusor muscle of the bladder? correct answers ✅Activation of beta- receptors by the SNS True/False: When the bladder is empty, the detrusor muscle relaxes, and the internal & external sphincters constrict correct answers ✅True
Stress Incontinence correct answers ✅Leaking of urine with sensation of need to urinate What is the Patho of stress incontinence? correct answers ✅Detrusor muscle hyperactivity which leads to urine leakage Neurogenic Incontinence correct answers ✅Unimpeded urine leakage Neurogenic Incontinence Patho correct answers ✅Neurological lesions alter the nervous system impulses that innervate the detrusor muscle, results in decreased bladder compliance & decreased sphincter tone Overflow Incontinence correct answers ✅Leaking of urine associated with urgency, frequency, dribbling & hesitancy
A sphincter malfunction that prevents urine from flowing out of bladder would result in correct answers ✅Overflow incontinence True/False: One of the major markers for glomerular filtration rate is creatinine correct answers ✅True True/False: The most common cause of acute renal failure is due to pre-renal failure correct answers ✅True What is an example of pre-renal cause of acute renal failure? correct answers ✅Hypotension What is one of the first Patho responses to decreased GFR in acute renal failure is what? correct answers ✅Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system What is the most common type of acute renal failure? correct answers ✅Pre-renal failure
True/False: Patients with acute renal failure have HYPOkalemia correct answers ✅False - Hyperkalemia True/False: Creatinine gets freely filtered from the glomerulus correct answers ✅True True/False: In post-renal failure, the damage occurs in the collecting duct correct answers ✅True In intrinsic renal failure, sodium & water excretion is increased which leads to dilute urine correct answers ✅True What is the best indicator of good prognosis for recovery from acute renal failure? correct answers ✅Kidneys respond well to Furosemide
What is the major acid/base disturbance in renal failure? correct answers ✅Metabolic Acidosis When can you use diuretic therapy to stimulate kidney function (What stage of renal failure) correct answers ✅Stages I, II & III Dietary management of patient with CKD includes correct answers ✅Low potassium, low sodium & low phosphate diet True/False: The decision to begin dialysis is guided by the patient's symptoms rather than the GFR correct answers ✅True What is GERD caused by? correct answers ✅Loss of muscle tone at the lower esophageal sphincter
What are typical GERD symptoms? correct answers ✅Heart burn & regurgitation What is a risk factor for the development of GERD? correct answers ✅Obesity What is the bacteria associated with GERD? correct answers ✅H. pylori What is an atypical S&S of GERD? correct answers ✅Chest pain What S&S indicate GERD? correct answers ✅Sour taste in mouth, globs, odynophagia & dysphagia What is the gold standard for treatment of GERD? correct answers ✅PPI
The result of gas accumulation in the bowel is called correct answers ✅Venous compression, decreased oxygen & sepsis Anti-prostaglandin drugs cause gastric mucosal injury by correct answers ✅Decreasing the thickness of the mucosa True/False: Stomach pain that increases after a meal is characteristic of a gastric ulcer correct answers ✅True What contributes to the development of an ulcer (medication) correct answers ✅Regular use of NSAIDs What age is least likely to have a gastric ulcer? correct answers ✅Age less than 50 years old Stomach pain that decreases after a meal is characteristic of what type of ulcer? correct answers ✅Duodenal ulcer
Intermittent upper abdominal pain & burning 2 hours after meals are symptoms of correct answers ✅Duodenal ulcers True/False: Smoking is a risk factor for inflammatory bowel disease correct answers ✅True The presence of anemia found in patient with Crohn's disease indicates correct answers ✅Vitamin B12 malabsorption (mucosal blood loss for Vitamin B12 malabsorption) What is a complication associated with Crohn's disease (imaging) correct answers ✅Cobblestone appearance of GI. lining The damage from Crohn's disease occurs where in the GI tract? correct answers ✅Terminal ileum is the primary site of damage
What occurs in the last stage of cirrhosis? correct answers ✅Esophageal due to back up of fluid What are the most common antidepressants prescribed? correct answers ✅SSRIs What gland is responsible for regulating the sleep-wake cycle? correct answers ✅Pineal gland What does the release of aldosterone promote in the kidneys? correct answers ✅Produces sodium reabsorption & potassium excretion in the kidneys Is TSH production increased or decreased in hypothyroidism? correct answers ✅Increased
What are two distinguishing factors of Grave's disease? correct answers ✅Pretibial myxedema & exophthalmos Hyperthyroid vs. Hypothyroid correct answers ✅Hyper - Elevated thyroid hormone, decreased TSH, enlarged liver, hand tremors Hypo - Decreased thyroid hormone, elevated TSH, fatigue & diminished DTRs What affects an individual's response to insulin? correct answers ✅Weight, height, activity level & abdominal fat Type I DM correct answers ✅Usually those from 10-20 years old, associated with DKA, symptoms of polyuria, polyphagia & polydipsia Type II DM correct answers ✅Usually over 40 years old, associated with HHS & symptoms of weakness, weight loss & infections