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NR-503 Epidemiology final exam 2023
lOMoARcPSD| Eliciting the patient's (explanatory) model gives the physician knowledge of the beliefs the patient holds about his illness, the personal and social meaning he attaches to his disorder, his expectations about what will happen to him and what the doctor will do, and his own therapeutic goals - correct answers Kleinman explanatory Model Cultural competence is defined as "a dynamic, fluid, continuous process whereby an individual, system or health care agency find meaningful and useful care delivery strategies based on knowledge of the cultural heritage, beliefs, attitudes, and behavior of those to whom they render care" - correct answers Cultural competence :Self-examination of one's own prejudices and biases toward other cultures. An in-depth exploration of one's own cultural/ethnic background. - correct answers Cultural Awareness A lifelong commitment to self-evaluation and self-critiques, redressing the power of imbalances in the patient- physician dynamic, developing mutually. Beneficial relationships. - correct answers Cultural humility Obtaining a sound educational foundation concerning the various worldviews of differences cultures. Obtaining knowledge regarding biological variations, disease and health conditions and variation in drug metabolism. - correct answers Cultural Knowledge Ability to collect culturally relevant data regarding the client's health history and presenting problem. Ability to conduct culturally based physician assessments. Conducting these assessments in a culturally sensitive manner. - correct answers Cultural Skill: Motivation of the healthcare provider to "want" to engage in the process of cultural competence, characteristics of compassion, authenticity, humility, openness, availability, and flexibility, commi tment and passion to caring, regardless of conflict. - correct answers Cultural Desire as "the aggregate of cultural practices, social influences, religious pursuits, and racial characteristics shaping the distinctive identity of community" - correct answers ethnicity Care is designed for the specific client. Care is based on the uniqueness of the person's culture and includes cultural norms and values.
NR-503 Epidemiology final exam 2023
Care includes self-employment strategies to facilitate client decision making to improve health behaviors. Care is provided with sensitivity and is based on the cultural uniqueness of clients. - correct answers Cultural competence in nursing consists of four principles. What do you call your problem? What do you think caused your problem? Why do you think it started when it did? What does your sickness do to you? What do you fear most about your sickness? What are the chief problems your sickness has caused you? What kind of treatment do you think you should receive? What is the most important result you hope to receive from the treatment? - correct answers The APN may also use the Kleinman Explanatory Model of Illness (1978). Below are the questions that can be utilized. communication (verbal and nonverbal); personal space; social organization; time perception; environmental control; and biological variations. - correct answers According to Giger and Davidhizer (2000), although cultures differ, they all have the same basic organizing factors that must be assessed in order to provide care for culturally diverse patients. These factors include
- correct answers The National Center for Cultural Competence (NCCC) provides national leadership and contributes to the body of knowledge on cultural and linguistic competency within systems and organizations. Major emphasis is placed on translating evidence into policy and practice for programs and personnel concerned with health and mental healthcare delivery, administration, education, and advocacy.
NR-503 Epidemiology final exam 2023
are used to form public health decisions - correct answers Population-attributable risk measures Evaluation of Genomic Applications in Practice and Prevention - correct answers EGAPP: Genomic Applications in Practice and Prevention Network (established in 2009) is a collaborative initiative involving partners from across the public health sector working together to realize the promise of genomics in health care and disease prevention. - correct answers GAPPNet Genetics Early Disease Detection Intervention project (GEDDI) (established in 2009) developed a model strategy for using clinical, genetic, and family history information to reduce the risk of disease, death, and disability in affected individuals, family members, and populations. - correct answers GEDDI Human Genome Epidemiology Network (HuGENet) (established in 1998) helps translate genetic research findings into opportunities for preventive medicines and public health by advancing the synthesis, interpretation, and dissemination of population-based data on human genetic variation in health and disease. HuGENet reviews are systematic, peer-reviewed synopses of the epidemiologic aspects of human genes, including prevalence of allelic variants in different populations, population- based information on disease risk, evidence for gene-environment interaction and quantitative data on genetic tests and services carried out according to specific guidelines. - correct answers HuGENet DC's Office of Public Health Genomics (established in 2002) formed a multidisciplinary working group with members from across CDC. It developed a proposal to measure the prevalence of selected genetic variants of public health significance in a representative sample of the U.S. population and to examine the association between the selected genetic variants and disease outcomes available in NHANES III data. - correct answers NHANES III as a global epidemic that spreads to more than one continent (WHO, 2009). One of the more recent pandemics that you might be familiar with is the H1N1 influenza outbreak of 2009. - correct answers The World Health Organization defines a pandemic the occurrence of disease within persons in excess of what would normally be expected in a clearly defined community, location, or time of year. An outbreak may only last for a matter of days or weeks, but may last for years - correct answers Outbreak
NR-503 Epidemiology final exam 2023
the separation and restriction of the movement of people who were or are exposed to a contagious disease for a set period of time, to see whether they become ill - correct answers Quarantine the separation of sick people with a contagious disease from those who are not ill - correct answers Isolation "Disaster epidemiology is defined as the use of epidemiology to assess the short- and long-term adverse health effects of disasters and to predict consequences of future disasters. It brings together various topic areas of epidemiology including acute and communicable disease, environmental health, occupational health, chronic disease, injury, mental health, and behavioral health" - correct answers Disaster epidemiology is a term describing the changes that occur within virus's ribonucleic acid that changes the virus. Typically, these changes create seasonal changes or new strains of a virus - correct answers Antigenic drif Phase 1—None of the current viruses circulating in animals have been reported to cause infection in humans. Phase 2—An animal-based influenza virus is known to have caused infection in humans and is considered a potential pandemic threat. Phase 3—An animal- or human-animal-based virus has caused some clusters of cases in people, but has not caused human-to-human transmission that is significant enough to cause community-level outbreaks. Phase 4—Human-to-human transmission of an animal or human-animal virus is causing community outbreaks and sustained disease. This is a significant shif in risk and any country with such an outbreak should consult with WHO. Phase 5—There is human-to-human spread of the virus in at least two countries. This phase means that pandemic is imminent and that community action and implementation of planned mitigation procedures is needed. Phase 6—This is the pandemic phase, characterized by outbreaks in more than one WHO defined region in addition to all Phase 5 criteria (WHO, 2009) - correct answers WHO Pandemic Phases None of the current viruses circulating in animals have been reported to cause infection in humans. - correct answers Phase 1
NR-503 Epidemiology final exam 2023
- Peace, justice and strong institutions The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), otherwise known as the Global Goals, are a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity. - correct answers SDG's increasing temperatures, extreme weather, desertification, and flooding on asthma, chronic obstructive lung disease, and respiratory infections - correct answers Health effects of climate change 1945: charter of the United Nations; article calling for establishment of health agency with wide powers 1946: UN representatives created and ratified the constitution of WHO 1948: constitution went into force and WHO began work
The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that is concerned with international public health. It was established on 7 April 1948, and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. The WHO played a leading role in the eradication of smallpox. Its current priorities include communicable diseases, in particular HIV/AIDS, Ebola, malaria and tuberculosis; as well as the mitigation of the effects of non-communicable diseases such as sexual and reproductive health, development, and aging; nutrition, food security and healthy eating; occupational health; substance abuse; and driving the development of reporting, publications, and networking. - correct answers History of WHO It falls to nurses and midwives, the most numerous and arguably most patient-centered component of the health workforce, to assume a leadership role in addressing planetary health. Leadership begins with educating ourselves, students, staff, patients, and communities. Engagement in political and policy processes are needed-and can take many forms. Even small measures may have impact. Local level sustainability and readiness is meaningful at one's university, hospital, and or health system levels. Learn Communicate Find common ground - correct answers Call to action - correct answers Nurses may want to consider assessing the environment where patients live and work (or go to school, for pediatric patients), including air quality by noting the proximity to emissions from cars (living close to highways) or factories and their mass transit accessibility. Teaching families how to assess allergen exposure and palliative measures are also important steps nurses can take. defined as an end result that follows some kind of healthcare provision, treatment, or intervention
NR-503 Epidemiology final exam 2023
and may describe a patient's condition or health status - correct answers Health Outcomes
NR-503 Epidemiology final exam 2023
2.1Develop procedures for managing health partnerships. 2.2Promote inclusion of representatives of diverse constituencies in partnerships. 2.3Value commitment to building trust in partnerships. 2.4Use diplomacy and conflict-resolution strategies with partners. 2.5Communicate lessons learned to community partners and global constituencies. 2.6Exhibit interpersonal communication skills that demonstrate respect for other perspectives and cultures. - correct answers Domain 2 DOMAIN 3: Ethical Reasoning and Professional Practice Ethical reasoning and professional practice is the ability to identify and respond with integrity to ethical issues in diverse economic, political, and cultural contexts, and promote accountability for the impact of policy decisions on public health practice at local, national, and international levels. 3.1Apply the fundamental principles of international standards for the protection of human subjects in diverse cultural settings. 3.2Analyze ethical and professional issues that arise in responding to public health emergencies. 3.3Explain the mechanisms used to hold international organizations accountable for public health practice standards. 3.4Promote integrity in professional practice. - correct answers Domain 3 DOMAIN 4: Health Equity and Social Justice
NR-503 Epidemiology final exam 2023
Health equity and social justice is the framework for the analysis of strategies to address health disparities across socially, demographically, or geographically defined populations. 4.1Apply social justice and human rights principles in public health policies and programs. 4.2Implement strategies to engage marginalized and vulnerable populations in making decisions that affect their health and well-being. 4.3Critique policies with respect to impact on health equity and social justice. 4.4Analyze distribution of resources to meet the health needs of marginalized and vulnerable groups. - correct answers Domain 4 DOMAIN 5: Program Management Program management is the ability to design, implement, and evaluate global health programs to maximize contributions to effective policy, enhanced practice, and improved and sustainable health outcomes. 5.1Conduct formative research. 5.2Apply scientific evidence throughout program planning, implementation, and evaluation. 5.3Design program work plans based on logic models. 5.4Develop proposals to secure donor and stakeholder support. 5.5Plan evidence-based interventions to meet internationally established health targets.
NR-503 Epidemiology final exam 2023
7.1Conduct a situation analysis across a range of cultural, economic, and health contexts. 7.2Identify the relationships among patterns of morbidity, mortality, and disability with demographic and other factors in shaping the circumstances of the population of a specified community, country, or region. 7.3Implement a community health needs assessment. 7.4Conduct comparative analyses of health systems. 7.5Explain economic analyses drawn from socioeconomic and health data. 7.6Design context-specific health interventions based on situation analysis. - correct answers Domain 7 biology and genetics, individual behavior, social environment, physical environment, and health services.
- correct answers The WHO conceptual framework for social determinants of health identifies five multifactorial components of population health that impact health outcomes Activating a Disaster Assistance Response Team (DART) staffed by the CDC, in Monrovia, Liberia, and Guinea, to coordinate planning, operations, logistics, administrative issues, and interagency work
- Saving more than 3 million lives with immunization programs
- Reaching over 850 , 000 people with HIV-prevention education afer establishing programs in 32 countries since 1987 ; training over 40 , 000 people to support HIV/AIDS programs in their own countries
- Providing family planning to more than 50 million couples worldwide
- Training 21,000 Honduran farm families to prevent soil erosion
NR-503 Epidemiology final exam 2023
- Providing oral rehydration therapy in Bangladesh; saving tens of millions of lives worldwide with this program
- Providing loans and operating costs to Bolivian Banco Solidario (BancoSol), which is the first self- sustaining commercial bank in Latin America to focus on microbusiness (small business loans averaging $200 each) - correct answers USAID
- correct answers USAID works with WHO to promote and protect health as an essential element for human welfare, economic, and social development (WHO, n.d.-a). The WHO was created in 1946, as part of the UN, to find solutions for post-World War II Europe global Outbreak Alert and Response Network (GOARN), which initiates an international disease outbreak alert, technical support, vaccines, drugs, specialists, and equipment, to prevent spread, such as the plague in India, in 1995, which had an economic cost of over $1.7 billion
- Chemical Incident Alert and Response System (ChemiNet): initiates alerts of industrial accidents, chemical, water, sanitation, radionuclear or environmental health emergencies
- Global network of national health systems
- Global Polio Eradication Initiative Network (GPEIN)
- Global Influenza Surveillance Network (GISN)
- FluNet
- H5N1 Avian flu tracking
- XDR-TB drug-resistant tuberculosis tracking
- Containment of 21st-century threats of bioterrorism (anthrax, etc.), SARS, and toxic chemical waste dumping, such as the 2006 illegal dumping of 500 tons of chemical waste in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire
NR-503 Epidemiology final exam 2023
disease that is not yet clinically apparent, but is destined to progress to clinical disease - correct answers Preclinical disease disease that is not clinical apparent, not destined to become clinically apparent - correct answers Subclinical disease excessive occurrence of disease present globally - correct answers Pandemic habitual presence of disease within geographic area - correct answers Endemic group of people are exposed to a substance/organism that causes common illness - correct answers common-vehicle exposure occurrence of disease in community/geographic area in excess of normal expectancy - correct answers Epidemic resistance of group of people to disease because large portion of population is immune - correct answers Herd immunity number of new cases of a disease, during a set period of time, in a specific population who is at risk for the disease - correct answers Incidence the science of public healht - correct answers Epidemiology Focuses on risk, data, demographics and outcomes - correct answers Population Health A defined population - correct answers Aggregate Composed of multiple aggregates - correct answers Community Compiled information - correct answers Data
NR-503 Epidemiology final exam 2023
Measures the existence of the disease - correct answers Prevalence Measures the appearance - correct answers Incidence Collection, Analysis, dissemination of data - correct answers Surveillance Increased chance of poor health outcome - correct answers High Risk Presence of illness in a population - correct answers Morbidity
- correct answers Accomadation
