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NR 503 Chamberlain midterm Exam
Questions and answers 2025
Epidemiology .- .ANS✓✓-is .the .science .of .public .health Population .Health .- .ANS✓✓-focuses .on .risk, .data, .demographics, .and .outcomes. Outcomes .- .ANS✓✓-is .the .end .result .that .follows .an .intervention aggregate .- .ANS✓✓-is .a .defined .population. community .- .ANS✓✓-is .composed .of .multiple .aggregates data .- .ANS✓✓-is .complied .information Prevalence .- .ANS✓✓-measures .the .existence .of .a .disease. .Measures .the .number .of .all .cases .of .a .disease .or .attribute .in .a .population .at .a .given .time Incidence .- .ANS✓✓-measures .the .appearance .of .a .disease. .Measures .the .occurrence .of .new .events .in .a .population .over .a .period .of .time. surveillance .- .ANS✓✓-is .the .collection, .analysis, .and .dissemination .of .data. high-risk .- .ANS✓✓-is .an .increased .chance .of .poor .health .outcome. Morbidity .- .ANS✓✓-is .the .presence .of .illness .in .a .population
mortality .- .ANS✓✓-is .related .to .the .tracking .deaths .in .an .aggregate vital .statistics .- .ANS✓✓-statistics .on .live .births, .deaths, .fetal .deaths, .marriages .and .divorces. cases .- .ANS✓✓-set .of .criteria .used .in .making .a .decision .as .to .whether .an .individual .has .a .disease .or .health .event .of .interest Social .Justice .- .ANS✓✓-the .view .that .everyone .deserves .equal .rights .and .opportunities. — this .includes .the .right .to .good .health Inter-professional .collaboration .- .ANS✓✓-The .idea .of .sharing .and .implies .collective .action .oriented .toward .a .common .goal, .in .this .case, .improving .the .quality .and .safety .of .patient .care. .It .involves .responsibility, .accountability, .coordination, .communication, .cooperation, .assertiveness, .mutual .respect, .and .autonomy. Healthy .People. 2020 .- .ANS✓✓-aims .to .reach .four .overarching .goals: .1.Attain .high-quality, .longer .lives .free .of .preventable .disease, .disability, .injury, .and .premature .death, .2. .Achieve .health .equity, .eliminate .disparities, .and .improve .the .health .of .all .groups .3.Create .social .and .physical .environments .that .promote .good .health .for .all. .4. .Promote .quality .of .life, .healthy .development, .and .healthy .behaviors .across .all .life .stages. Determinants .of .care/health .- .ANS✓✓-The .range .of .personal, .social, .economic, .and .environmental .factors .that .influence .health .status .are .known .... risk .analysis .- .ANS✓✓-the .characterization .of .the .potential .adverse .health .effects .of .human .exposures .to .environmental .hazards health .disparities .- .ANS✓✓-the .difference .in .health .statuses .between .various .groups .(populations). Sensitivity .- .ANS✓✓-measures .the .proportion .of .actual .positives .that .are .correctly .identified .as .such .(e.g., .the .percentage .of .sick .people .who .are .correctly .identified .as .having .the .condition)
Do: .Carry .out .the .plan .on .a .small .number .of .patients. .The .test .period .may .be .as .short .as .one .day .for .small .PDSA .cycles. Study:Examine .the .results. .Did .you .achieve .your .goals? Act: .Use .your .results .to .make .a .decision, .incorporate .changes .into .your .workflow, .and .establish .future .quality .improvement .plans Is .screening .a .tertiary .intervention? .If .yes, .why, .if .not, .what .is .it? .- .ANS✓✓-No, .it .is .secondary. How .does .a .provider .determine .the .usefulness, .appropriateness, .of .a .screening .test? .Where .would .and .NP .look .to .find .a .screening .test? .What .determines .if .a .screening .test .should .be .used? .- .ANS✓✓-Determining .whether .a .screening .test .is .appropriate .requires .the .APRN .to .address .several .aspects .of .the .disease .of .interest. .The .target .population .needs .to .be .identifiable. .There .should .be .enough .people .to .make .the .study .cost .effective. .The .preclinical .period .should .be .proficient .to .allow .treatment .before .symptoms .appear .so .that .early .diagnosis .and .treatment .make .a .difference .in .terms .of .outcomes. .The .NP .could .look .at .the .U.S. .Preventative .Services .Task .Force, .Agency .for .Healthcare .Research .and .Quality, .and .SAMHSA-HRSA .to .find .a .screening .test. .Sensitivity .and .specificity .measure .the .validity .of .a .test. .Sensitivity .is .the .number .identified/ .the .number .affected. .Specificity .is .the .number .identified .in .the .screening .of .not .having .the .disease/ .the .actual .number .who .do .not .have .the .disease. Can .you .explain .what ."descriptive .epidemiology" .means? .What .is .the .purpose? .How .is .it .used? .- .ANS✓✓-It .covers .time .place .and .person. First, .by .looking .at .the .data .carefully, .the .epidemiologist .becomes .very .familiar .with .the .data. .He .or .she .can .see .what .the .data .can .or .cannot .reveal .based .on .the .variables .available, .its .limitations .(for .example, .the .number .of .records .with .missing .information .for .each .important .variable), .and .its .eccentricities .(for .example, .all .cases .range .in .age .from. 2 .months .to. 6 .years, .plus .one. 17 - year- old.). Second, .the .epidemiologist .learns .the .extent .and .pattern .of .the .public .health .problem .being .investigated. — .which .months, .which .neighborhoods, .and .which .groups .of .people .have .the .most .and .least .cases. Third, .the .epidemiologist .creates .a .detailed .description .of .the .health .of .a .population .that .can .be .easily .communicated .with .tables, .graphs, .and .maps. Fourth, .the .epidemiologist .can .identify .areas .or .groups .within .the .population .that .have .high .rates .of .disease. .This .information .in .turn .provides .important .clues .to .the .causes .of .the .disease, .and .these .clues .can .be .turned .into .testable .hypotheses. How .are .causation .and .descriptive .epidemiology .related, .how .do .they .work .together .to .aid .evidence-based .care? .- .ANS✓✓-______________- .helps .look .at .the .cause .of .the .issue .or .disease .process. .________ .________ .focuses .on .the
.person, .place, .and .time. .An .example .of .how .they .are .intertwined .might .be .a .person .who .was .sick .from .E. .Coli. .The .physician .might .look .at .what .the .individual .ate .to .determine .what .made .them .sick. .For .instance, .they .may .have .decided .to .eat .from .the .salad .bar .at .a .local .restaurant. What .does ."causation" .mean? .Can .you .relate .causation .to .primary, .secondary .and .tertiary .interventions? .- .ANS✓✓-is .an .increase .in .a .casual .factor .or .exposure .causes .an .increase .in .the .outcome .of .interest .(disease). .It .is .related .to .primary .intervention .could .be .the .use .of .flu .vaccines .yearly .to .prevent .the .flu .from .causing .an .illness. .A .secondary .intervention .would .be .to .test .for .the .influenza .virus .in .a .patient. .A .tertiary .intervention .would .be .giving .Tamiflu .to .a .flu .positive .patient. .Since .we .know .that .the .influenza .virus .causes .the .flu .when .can .help .to .perform .actions .against .it. Are .you .able .to .discuss ."surveillance" .and .its .relationship .to ."causation"? .- .ANS✓✓-is .the .ongoing .systematic .collection, .analysis, .and .interpretation .of .health .data .essential .to .the .planning, .implementation, .and .evaluation .of .public .health .practice .closely .integrated .with .the .timely .dissemination .of .these .data .to .those .who .need .to .know. .Passive .surveillance .involves .using .data .to .look .at .reportable .diseases .while .active .involves .using .individuals .such .as .project .staff .interviewing .physicians .about .cases. .Using .surveillance .can .help .identify .the .causation .of .diseases .particularly .in .a .specific .population. What .is .the .case-control .study .and .how .does .it .differ .(or .how .is .it .the .same) .as .the .cohort .study .design? .- .ANS✓✓-The .cohort .study .design .identifies .a .people .exposed .to .a .particular .factor .and .a .comparison .group .that .was .not .exposed .to .that .factor .and .measures .and .compares .the .incidence .of .disease .in .the .two .groups. .A .higher .incidence .of .disease .in .the .exposed .group .suggests .an .association .between .that .factor .and .the .disease .outcome. .This .study .design .is .generally .a .good .choice .when .dealing .with .an .outbreak .in .a .relatively .small, .well-defined .source .population, .particularly .if .the .disease .being .studied .was .fairly .frequent. The .case-control .design .uses .a .different .sampling .strategy .in .which .the .investigators .identify .a .group .of .individuals .who .had .developed .the .disease .(the .cases) .and .a .comparison .of .individuals .who .did .not .have .the .disease .of .interest. .The .cases .and .controls .are .then .compared .with .respect .to .the .frequency .of .one .or .more .past .exposures. .If .the .cases .have .a .substantially .higher .odds .of .exposure .to .a .particular .factor .compared .to .the .control .subjects, .it .suggests .an .association. .This .strategy .is .a .better .choice .when .the .source .population .is .large .and .ill-defined, .and .it .is .particularly .useful .when .the .disease .outcome .was .uncommon. .Examples .of .two .real .outbreaks .will .be .used .to .illustrate .these .differences .in .sampling .strategy.
Randomized .controlled .clinical .trials .are .carefully .planned .experiments .that .introduce .a .treatment .or .exposure .to .study .its .effect .on .real .patients. .They .include .methodologies .that .reduce .the .potential .for .bias .(randomization .and .blinding) .and .that .allow .for .comparison .between .intervention .groups .and .control .(no .intervention) .groups. .A .randomized .controlled .trial .is .a .planned .experiment .and .can .provide .sound .evidence .of .cause .and .effect. Cross-sectional .studies .describe .the .relationship .between .diseases .and .other .factors .at .one .point .in .time .in .a .defined .population. .Cross .sectional .studies .lack .any .information .on .timing .of .exposure .and .outcome .relationships .and .include .only .prevalent .cases. .They .are .often .used .for .comparing .diagnostic .tests. .Studies .that .show .the .efficacy .of .a .diagnostic .test .are .also .called .prospective, .blind .comparison .to .a .gold .standard .study. .This .is .a .con What .is .an .intervention .group? .Where .is .it .found? .- .ANS✓✓-The ._________ .group .is .the .group .in .a .randomized .control .trial .that .receives .the .treatment. prospective .study .- .ANS✓✓-Is .a .study .watches .for .outcomes, .such .as .the .development .of .a .disease, .during .the .study .period .and .relates .this .to .other .factors .such .as .suspected .risk .or .protection .factor(s). .The .study .usually .involves .taking .a .cohort .of .subjects .and .watching .them .over .a .long .period. .The .outcome .of .interest .should .be .common; .otherwise, .the .number .of .outcomes .observed .will .be .too .small .to .be .statistically .meaningful .(indistinguishable .from .those .that .may .have .arisen .by .chance). .All .efforts .should .be .made .to .avoid .sources .of .bias .such .as .the .loss .of .individuals .to .follow .up .during .the .study. .Prospective .studies .usually .have .fewer .potential .sources .of .bias .and .confounding .than .retrospective .studies. Pros- .High .Quality .Data, .Future .Proof, .Strong .Validity, .Cons- .Expensive .and .time .consuming. retrospective .- .ANS✓✓-study .looks .backwards .and .examines .exposures .to .suspected .risk .or .protection .factors .in .relation .to .an .outcome .that .is .established .at .the .start .of .the .study. .Many .valuable .case-control .studies, .such .as .Lane .and .Claypon's. 1926 .investigation .of .risk .factors .for .breast .cancer, .were .retrospective .investigations. .Most .sources .of .error .due .to .confounding .and .bias .are .more .common .in .retrospective .studies .than .in .prospective .studies. .For .this .reason, .retrospective .investigations .are .often .criticized. .If .the .outcome .of .interest .is .uncommon, .however, .the .size .of .prospective .investigation .required .to .estimate .relative .risk .is .often .too .large .to .be .feasible. .In .retrospective .studies .the .odds .ratio .provides .an .estimate .of .relative .risk. .You .should .take .special .care .to .avoid .sources .of .bias .and .confounding .in .retrospective .studies. Pros: .Inexpensive, .Quick .Results-------Cons- .Missing .Data .(potential .bias), .definitions .adapted .to .bias, .Unmeasured .confounder .(Afterthoughts)
Cohort .study .- .ANS✓✓-A .well-defined .group .of .individuals .who .share .a .common .characteristic .or .experience. .Participants .classified .according .to .exposure .status .and .followed-up .over .time .to .ascertain .outcome. .Can .be .used .to .find .multiple .outcomes .from .an .exposure. .Appropriate .for .rare .exposures .or .defined .cohorts. .Ensures .temporality .(exposure .occurs .before .observed .outcome). .Used .when .an .exposure .is .rare .and .outcome .is .common .(agricultural .pesticide .and .cancer). .Used .to .learn .about .multiple .outcomes .from .a .single .exposure .(health .effects .of .a .nuclear .power .plant .exposure). Case-control .study .- .ANS✓✓-Used .to .study .rare .diseases. .Used .to .study .multiple .exposures .that .may .have .a .single .outcome. .Participants .are .selected .based .on .outcome .status. .Case- .subjects .have .the .outcome .of .interest. .Control-subjects .do .not .have .the .outcome .of .interest. .Used .when .the .outcome .of .interest .is .rare, .multiple .exposures .may .have .a .single .outcome, .and .funding .or .time .is .limited. Randomized .Control .Trial .- .ANS✓✓-is .a .type .of .scientific .(often .medical) .experiment .which .aims .to .reduce .bias .when .testing .a .new .treatment. .The .people .participating .in .the .trial .are .randomly .allocated .to .either .the .group .receiving .the .treatment .under .investigation .or .to .a .group .receiving .standard .treatment .(or .placebo .treatment) .as .the .control. .Randomization .minimizes .selection .bias .and .the .different .comparison .groups .allow .the .researchers .to .determine .any .effects .of .the .treatment .when .compared .with .the .no .treatment .(control) .group, .while .other .variables .are .kept .constant. .The .RCT .is .often .considered .the .gold .standard .for .a .clinical .trial. .RCTs .are .often .used .to .test .the .efficacy .or .effectiveness .of .various .types .of .medical .intervention .and .may .provide .information .about .adverse .effects, .such .as .drug .reactions. .Random .assignment .of .intervention .is .done .after .subjects .have .been .assessed .for .eligibility .and .recruited, .but .before .the .intervention .to .be .studied .begins cross-sectional .study .- .ANS✓✓-To .learn .about .the .characteristics .of .a .population .at .one .point .in .time .like .a .snapshot .(photo). .No .comparison .group. .All .members .of .a .small, .defined .group .or .a .sample .from .a .large .group. .Produces .estimates .of .the .prevalence .of .the .population .characteristic .of .interest.Example .is .measuring .the .magnitude .and .patterns .of .violence .among .pregnant .women. .Used .to:
- .Estimate .prevalence .of .a .health .condition .or .prevalence .of .a .behavior, .risk .factor, .or .potential .for .disease
- .To .learn .about .characteristics .such .as .knowledge, .attitude .and .practices .of .individuals in .a .population
- .To .monitor .trends .over .time .with .serial .cross-sectional .studies
What .are .key .indicators .when .assessing .a .model .of .care? .- .ANS✓✓-Pain .Management Consistency .of .communication Staff .Mix Client .satisfaction Prevention .of .Tobacco .Use Cardiovascular .disease .Prevention Caregiver .Activity Identification .of .Primary .Caregiver Activities .of .Daily .Living Independent .Activities .of .Daily .Living Psychosocial .interaction How .would .you .explain .the .Triple .Aim .Initiative .(model) .to .a .colleague? .- .ANS✓ ✓-for .Populations .seeks .to .reduce .the .cost .per .capita .of .care, .improve .the .health .of .population, .and .enhance .patient .experience .and .outcomes How .does .social .justice .and .health .inequalities .influence .population .health .care .provision? .Why .is .this .critical .information .for .the .provision .of .evidence-based .care? .- .ANS✓✓-it .speaks .to .equal .health .care .and .the .quality .of .healthcare .to .all .individuals. .If .social .justice .is .not .performed .them .population .health .care .will .not .be .adequate. .If .all .individuals .are .not .provided .with .equal .opportunity .to What .is .the .Campaign .for .Action? .- .ANS✓✓-was .established .as .a .movement .to .utilize .medical .professionals, .specifically .nurses, .within .an .interdisciplinary .network .to .increase .overall .satisfaction .with .their .medical .care .(Campaign .for .Action, .n.d.). .This .campaign .was .initiated .to .mobilize .the .concept .of .interdisciplinary .care .within .the .healthcare .realm .to .assist .patients .in .a .holistic .approach .to .ensure .positive .patient .outcomes. .One .initiative .of .this .campaign .is .to .double .the .number .of .nurses .with .their .DNP .by .the .year. 2020 .(Campaign .for .Action, .n.d.). .By .utilizing .DNPs, .this .increases .the .overall .reach .of .medical .professionals .to .the .public .as .well .as .diversify .the .field, .encourage .leadership .within .nursing, .and .assisting .with .continued .nursing .education .(Campaign .for .Action, .n.d.). .By .reaching .the .public .through .various .means, .this .increases .the .well-being .of .the .overall .population's .health .and .establishes .primary .care .to .assist .with .preventative .measures. .Through .education, .patients .will .be .able .to .take .control .of .their .personal .health .and .take .the .appropriate .steps .for .themselves .and .their .family .to .maintain .a .healthy, .robust .life. Explain .the .difference .between .primary, .secondary, .and .tertiary .care. .- .ANS✓✓
Primary .care .is .things .done .to .help .prevent .the .disease .from .happening. .This
.could .include .laws .to .prevent .certain .things .from .happening .or .vaccines .to .prevent .a .disease..
Secondary .care .involves .screening .for .a .disease. .This .might .include .a .health .screening .or .psychological .screening .to .determine .if .an .individual .has .a .particular .disease .process.. Tertiary .care .involves .managing .the .symptoms .of .a .disease. .This .might .include .a .cardiac .diet .for .those .with .heart .disease. why .do .epidemiological .research? .- .ANS✓✓-> .measure .association .identification .of .relatives .risks .investigation .of .relationships cohort .study .- .ANS✓✓-investigator .selects .a .group .of .exposed .and .a .group .of .non-exposed .and .follows .over .time/through .time .both .groups .to .compare .both .groups .outcomes .related .to .study .objective.. AIM; .determine .whether .initial .exposure .status .influences .risk .of .subsequent .disease. .(prospective .and .retrospective .studies). cross- .sectional .study .- .ANS✓✓-exposure .and .disease .outcome .are .determined .SIMULTANEOSLY .for .each .subject. .it .is .a .view .of .the .population .at .a .certain .point .in .time. .It .collects .information .about .current .disease .state .and/or .current .exposure .status. .Time .frame .may .be .month .or .year. .it .is .the .type .of .study .method .utilized .to .understand .the .point .or .period .prevalence .rates .of .a .disease. .relatively .inexpensive .and .can .be .conducted .within .a .short .time .frame. Case-control .study .- .ANS✓✓-investigates .relationship .between .potential .risk .factors .and .disease.. examines .the .possible .relationship .of .an .exposure .to .getting .a .certain .disease: .a .group .of .individuals .with .the .disease .(cases) .are .compared .to .a .group .of .people .without .the .disease .(controls). .This .study .examines .relationships .between .potential .risks .factors .where .disease .X .(cases) .with .a .sample .without .disease .(X) .controls .are .compared .with .respect .to .their .exposure .to .risk .factors.. example: .relationship .of .smoking .to .development .of .coronary .heart .disease..
- .start .with .people .with .Coronary .heart .disease .(case
- .next, .people .without .coronary .heart .disease .(controls)
- .next .identify .the .% .of .each .group .that .used .cigarettes .and .compare .results; .analyze .the .data investigate .multiple .exposures .on .a .single .disease .- .ANS✓✓-case .control .study
