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Nursing Fundamentals: Definitions, Roles, and Health Models, Exams of Nursing

A comprehensive overview of nursing fundamentals, covering key definitions, professional roles, and health models. It explores the historical contributions of prominent nurses, examines contemporary challenges in the field, and delves into the principles of health promotion and prevention. The document also includes questions and exercises to reinforce learning and assess understanding.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 03/11/2025

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NR 222 Exam 9 2024
American Nurses Association (ANA) definition of nursing is - Nursing is the
protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities; prevention of illness
and injury; alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human
response; and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and
populations
The International Council of Nurses definition of nursing is - Nursing encompasses
autonomous and collaborative care of individuals of all ages, families, groups, and
communities, sick or well, and in all settings. Nursing includes the promotion of
health; prevention of illness; and the care of ill, disabled, and dying people.
Advocacy, promotion of a safe environment, research, participation in shaping health
policy and in patient and health systems management, and education are also key
nursing roles.
What do the two definition of nursing by ANA and international's council of nursing
definition have in common ? - Both definitions support the prominence and
importance that nursing holds in providing safe, patient-centered health care to the
global community.
In professional roles of nursing what is autonomy? - Autonomy is an essential
element of professional nursing that involves the initiation of independent nursing
interventions without medical orders.
Example would be making the independent decision to implement coughing and
deep breathing exercise to clear the lungs and promote healthy breathing for a
patient who recently had major surgery.
In professional roles of nursing what is a caregiver ? - As a caregiver, you help
patients maintain and regain health and find their maximum level of independent
function through the healing process. A patient's health care needs include the
patient's emotional, spiritual, and social well-being.
In professional roles of nursing what is a patients advocate ? - As a patient advocate
you protect your patient's human and legal rights and help patients assert those
rights when needed.
An example- You provide additional information to help a patient decide whether to
accept a treatment, or you find a interpreter to help family members communicate
their concerns.
In professional roles of nursing what is an educator ? - An educator you explain
concepts and facts about health, describe the reason for routine care activities,
demonstrate procedures such as self care activities, reinforce learning or patient
behavior, and evaluate the patients progress in learning. Teaching can be formal or
informal. Always use teaching methods that match your patient's capabilities and
needs, and incorporate other resources, such as the family, in teaching plans.
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NR 222 Exam 9 2024

American Nurses Association (ANA) definition of nursing is - Nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities; prevention of illness and injury; alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response; and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations The International Council of Nurses definition of nursing is - Nursing encompasses autonomous and collaborative care of individuals of all ages, families, groups, and communities, sick or well, and in all settings. Nursing includes the promotion of health; prevention of illness; and the care of ill, disabled, and dying people. Advocacy, promotion of a safe environment, research, participation in shaping health policy and in patient and health systems management, and education are also key nursing roles. What do the two definition of nursing by ANA and international's council of nursing definition have in common? - Both definitions support the prominence and importance that nursing holds in providing safe, patient-centered health care to the global community. In professional roles of nursing what is autonomy? - Autonomy is an essential element of professional nursing that involves the initiation of independent nursing interventions without medical orders. Example would be making the independent decision to implement coughing and deep breathing exercise to clear the lungs and promote healthy breathing for a patient who recently had major surgery. In professional roles of nursing what is a caregiver? - As a caregiver, you help patients maintain and regain health and find their maximum level of independent function through the healing process. A patient's health care needs include the patient's emotional, spiritual, and social well-being. In professional roles of nursing what is a patients advocate? - As a patient advocate you protect your patient's human and legal rights and help patients assert those rights when needed. An example- You provide additional information to help a patient decide whether to accept a treatment, or you find a interpreter to help family members communicate their concerns. In professional roles of nursing what is an educator? - An educator you explain concepts and facts about health, describe the reason for routine care activities, demonstrate procedures such as self care activities, reinforce learning or patient behavior, and evaluate the patients progress in learning. Teaching can be formal or informal. Always use teaching methods that match your patient's capabilities and needs, and incorporate other resources, such as the family, in teaching plans.

In the professional roles of nursing what is an manager? - As a manager, you will establish an environment for collaborative patient-centered care to provide safe, quality care with positive patient outcomes. A manager uses appropriate leadership styles to create nursing environment for patients and staff that reflects the mission and values of the health care organization. What is patient centered care? - Recognize the patient or designee as the source of control and full partner in providing compassionate and coordinated care based on respect for patient's preferences, values, and needs. example- involving family etc Who is Florence Nightingale? - - 1st nursing philosopher: viewed nursing as having "charge of somebody's health" based on the knowledge of "how to put the body in such a state to be free from diseases or to recover from disease." Health maintenance and restoration.

  • Organized the first school of nursing: 1860
  • The first practicing epidemiologist: in the Crimean War Who is Clara barton? - Founded the American Red Cross in 1881 (helped nurse soldiers in the civil war) Who is Dorothea Lynne dix and Mother Bickerdyke? - During the Civil War organized hospitals and ambulances, appointed nurses, cared for wounded, regulated supplies Who is Harriet Tubman? - During civil war times she conducted the underground railroad and nursed/helped 300 slaves Who is Mary Mahoney? - First professionally educated African American nurse: encouraged awareness of cultural diversity and respect for individuals Who is Isabel Hampton Robb? - Help found the Nurses' Associated Alumnae which became the ANA, authored many nursing textbooks Who is Lilian Wald and Mary Brewster? - Opened the Henry street settlement, that focused on the health needs of poor people living in tenements 21st century challenges in nursing - - Aging population
  • infections
  • diaster managment (covid, storms etc)
  • Technology advancements & informatics etc
  • Increasing patient acuity
  • Nursing shortages
  • early discharge 21st century nursing last act campaign - teaching in nursing schools and through continuing education Reasons for nursing shortages - •Baby boomers •RN retirement (average age of RN is 50 years old as of 2018)

Healthy people 2030 objective is - to set data-driven national objectives to improve health and well-being over the next decade. Healthy people 2030 social determinants of health are - the conditions in the environments where people are born, live, learn, work, play, worship, and age that affect a wide range of health, functioning, and quality-of-life outcomes and risks. Healthy people 2030 social determinants of health involves - - Economic Stability

  • Education Access and Quality
  • Health Care Access and Quality
  • Neighborhood and Built Environments =Social and Community Context Models of health are - to help explain complex concepts or ideas, such as health and illness. beliefs may be positive or negative Variables Influencing Health and Health Beliefs and Practices internal beliefs are - 1.Developmental stage - use as a basis to plan care 2.Intellectual background 3.Perception of functioning - use subjective data to assess level of health (how does the patient feel? SOB? Fatigue?) 4.Emotional factors (stress? depression? fear?)
  1. Spiritual factors (values/beliefs/relationship/hope/meaning in life) Variables Influencing Health and Health Beliefs and Practices external variables are
  • •Family role and practices •Social determinants of health Models of health and illness are - Models that help explain complex concepts or ideas, such as health and illness. Health beliefs and behaviors positive or negative Health belief model does what? - influence patient's perceptions, beliefs, behavior so that you can plan care What are the three components of the health belief model? - 1. The individual's perception of susceptibility to illness
  1. The perception of the seriousness of the illness (modifying factors)
  2. The likelihood the person will take preventive action Perception of susceptibility + perception of seriousness = - likelihood of action Health promotion model is - a positive, dynamic state, NOT just the absence of illness. Health promotion model three areas are - 1. individual characteristics and experiences
  3. Behavior specific knowledge and effect
  4. Behavioral outcomes, i.e., does the person commit to change? What is the desired outcome for health promotion model? - Health promoting factors

What are the two models of health and illness? - 1. Maslow (hierarchy of needs) which is interrelationships of needs and personal priorities.

  1. Holistic- •Attempts to create conditions that promote optimal health. Includes the emotional and spiritual well-being. QSEN (Quality and Safety Education for Nurses) Competencies - •Patient centered care •Teamwork and collaboration •Evidence-based practice •Quality improvement •Safety •Informatics Health promotion being active requires - personal involvement which includes exercising, diet or stop smoking Health promotion being passive require - a persons gain from the actions of others •Fluoridation of drinking water
  • Legislation to promote safety (e.g., don't text and drive; school buses must stop at railroad crossings What is risk factors? - Variables that increase the vulnerability of an individual or a group to an illness or accident Risk factors include - •Nonmodifiable risk factors •Modifiable risk factors •Environment nomodifiable risk factors are - age, gender, genetics and race Modifible risk factors are - weight, diet, cholesterol level, sleep, mental health Stages of health behavior changes - Precontemplation- No planned changes within six months •Patient unaware of and disinterested in changes Contemplation- Considering a change within six months •Ambivalence Preparation- Making small changes now in preparation for larger changes in the next month. •Believes the advantages outweigh the disadvantages. Action- Actively engaged in changing the behavior. •Lasts up to six months

In health ethics values clarification is - •Ethical dilemmas almost always occur in the presence of conflicting values. •To resolve ethical dilemmas, one needs to distinguish among values, facts, and opinion Basic Terms in Health Ethics: Autonomy - commitment to include patients in decisions Basic terms in health ethics: beneficence - taking positive actions to help others example is giving a patient a warm bath Basic terms in health: Nonmaleficence - Avoidance of harm or hurt. example would be putting restraints safely on a patient Basic terms in health: Justice - Being fair Basic terms in health: fidelity - is trust. AN example is keeping your word to a patient/ writing a incident report on yourself. Professional Nursing Code of Ethics principle - - A set of guiding principles that all members of a profession accept

  • Advocacy- applying one's skill and knowledge to benefit another
  • Responsibility- willingness to respect one's professional obligations and to follow through
  • Accountability: answering for your own actions. (accountable to patient family etc)
  • Confidentiality:obligation to respect patient privacy (HIPA) ANA scope and standards of practice: culturally congruent practice - - The application of evidence-based nursing that agrees with the preferred cultural values, beliefs, worldview, and practices of the healthcare consumer and other stakeholders (person with concern/interests) ANA Scope and Standards of Practice; purpose - to improve access, promote positive outcomes, and reduce disparities disparity- an area of inequity ANA scope and standards of practice - •The RN is responsible to assess their own competence •The RN is responsible for lifelong learning.