Download NR 222 Exam 2 Chamberlain latest 2023 (143 question).docx and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!
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Autonomy - The ethical tenet that the physician has the responsibility to respect patients' choices about their own healthcare. Right to choose, self freedom Confidentiality - protection of privacy without diminishing access to quality care. A legal and ethical concept that establishes the healthcare provider's responsibility for protecting health records and other personal and private information from unauthorized use or disclosure Veracity - Adherence to the truth; truthfulness Fidelity - Faithfulness; loyalty Nonmaleficence - Avoid causing harm or pain as much as possible when giving treatments. Principle of avoiding harm Beneficence - The ethical tenet that the physician has a responsibility to act in the patient's best interest. Watson Theory - Human caring Theory- caring to meet human needs
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Watson sees caring as central to nursing and only able to be demonstrated interpersonally. Caring depends on certain factors that satisfy human needs. Effective caring promotes health and growth. Show unconditional acceptance. Use a holistic treatment approach—one that includes treating the mind, soul, and spirit as well as the body). Spend uninterrupted time with patients - something Watson calls "caring moments." Promote health through knowledge and intervention Leininger's Theory - Transcultural nursing focuses on the analyses of different cultures in the world regarding their caring behavior, nursing care, health-illness values, with the goal of developing a scientific and humanistic body of knowledge from which to derive culture-specific and culture universal nursing care practices. Madeleine Leininger involves knowing and understanding different cultures with respect to nursing and health-illness caring practices, beliefs and values with the goal to provide meaningful and efficacious nursing care services to people according to their culture beliefs. Orems Theory - patient should do what they can independently, we ASSIT and SUPPORT patient where they have trouble
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Self-Determination and Advance Directives - The Patient Self- Determination Act guarantees that all competent adults have the right to complete an Advance Directive (living will) to state whether or not they want treatment, how they want to treat end-of-life choices, and who they want to make their decisions The Patient Self-Determination Act (PSDA) - - an attempt to ensure that people's rights were honored
- to improve communication related to end-of-life care issues
- to improve preferences among individuals, health care providers and proxies Advanced Directives - - a way for people to ensure that the treatment and care matches their wishes when they become incapacitated Loved Ones - potentially to relieve them the strain as they strive to make the "right" treatment choices for a friend or relative Healthcare Professionals - will be guided in their decision making regarding the person in question
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Type of Advanced Derivative: Instructional - written document; can be very specific or tailored to order or may be a form document that can be downloaded from the internet. Types: Living will Terminal Care document Type of Advanced Derivative: Health care proxy - allows a competent person to designate a decision maker in the event of incapacity. Durable Power of Attorney Best advance directive: - combination of proxy and written directions. Least advanced directive: - living will Proxy Decision making - must take into account what is known about the person and must follow a path of action that is most likely to respect that individual's goals and values. Minimal capacities needed for competent
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Alternative Medicine - health care practices and products used in place of conventional medicine therapy same as complementary therapies but they become the primary treatment. Complementary and Integrative Therapies - Massage, yoga, reflexology Complementary therapy - A patient with back pain says "my nurse practitioner told me acupuncture may enhance the effect of the medications and physical therapy prescribed." What type of therapy is being recommended? Integrative Therapy - Any therapy that draws from more than one current of psychotherapeutic theory and technique. Relaxation Therapy - a technique for reducing tension by consciously relaxing muscles of the body Homeopathic Medicine - remedies that feature a small dose of an illness-inducing substances to activate the body's own natural defenses
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Biofeedback - a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle psychological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension Acupuncture - a system of complementary medicine that involves pricking the skin or tissues with needles, used to alleviate pain and to treat various physical, mental, and emotional conditions. Originating in ancient China, acupuncture is now widely practiced in the West. manipulates life energy by stimulating precisely mapped points on skin surface Acupressure - a massage that applies pressure to specific acupuncture- like points n the body; pressure enourages the flow of vital energy (qi) along the meridian pathways. It is used to control chronic pain, migraine headaches, and backaches. Healing touch - - uses gentle touch directly on or close to body to bring back balance/ homeostasis
- needs to be certified to perform Therapeutic Touch - - practitioner's hands lay on or close to a patient's body
- no need to be certified to perform/ integrated in learning
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Distributive justice - concerns the nature of a socially just allocation of goods in a society. A society in which incidental inequalities in outcome do not arise would be considered a society guided by the principles of distributive justice Primary - legislation and enforcement to ban or control the use of hazardous products (e.g. asbestos) or to mandate safe and healthy practices (e.g. use of seatbelts and bike helmets) education about healthy and safe habits (e.g. eating well, exercising regularly, not smoking) immunization against infectious diseases. Secondary - regular exams and screening tests to detect disease in its earliest stages (e.g. mammograms to detect breast cancer) daily, low-dose aspirins and/or diet and exercise programs to prevent further heart attacks or strokes suitably modified work so injured or ill workers can return safely to their jobs. Tertiary - cardiac or stroke rehabilitation programs, chronic disease management programs (e.g. for diabetes, arthritis, depression, etc.) support groups that allow members to share strategies for living well
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vocational rehabilitation programs to retrain workers for new jobs when they have recovered as much as possible. Culture - associated with norms, values, and traditions passed down through generations same as ethnicity, race, nationality and language Beliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people. as an element of ethnicity, refers to integrated patterns of human behavior that include the language, thoughts, communications, actions, customs, beliefs, values, and institutions of racial, ethnic, religious, or social groups Intersectionality - an analytic framework for assessing how factors such as race, gender, and class interact to shape individual life chances and societal patterns of stratification We all belong simultaneously to multiple social groups within changing social and political contexts Opression - Formal or informal system of advantages and disadvantages tied to our membership in social groups Marginalization - Groups lacking desirable traits are excluded from society. These groups include poor, uneducated, undesirable color and language. These groups will stay on the margin of acceptance by society unless there is social intervention.
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Cultural Competency - one of the major elements in eliminating health disparities; it starts with an honest desire to disregard personal biases and to treat every person with respect. enabling of health care providers to deliver services that are respectful of diversity Ability to understand, communicate, and interact effectively with people from different cultures. Four components: -Awareness of one's own cultural worldview -attitude towards cultural differences -knowledge of different cultural practices and worldviews --cross- cultural skills Cultural Congruency - the application of evidence based practice in respect to someones culture Cultural Awareness - self examination of your background recognizes biases and prejudices 1st step of patient centered care An in-depth self-examination of one's own background, recognizing biases, prejudices, and assumptions about other people Cultural Knowledge - comparative knowledge of diverse groups
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world view how people perceive others The nurse who is scheduled to work in a clinic in a Hispanic neighborhood takes time to research Hispanic cultural norms to better provide culturally competent care to people at work. This behavior is an example of which of the following cultural components? 3 dimensions of Cultural Competency - building relationship working outside the usual framework reinventing practice in action Emic View - insider's view of nurse: not being aware of Korean culture about seaweed soup being the first meal after giving birth Etic View - Outsider view Korean patient's view of American professional postpartum care: assumes that seaweed soup is available in the hospital Linguistic Competency - ability of organization to communicate and convey information that is easily understood by diverse audience
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Heritage Consistency - degree to which persons lifestyle reflects traditional heritage value orientation - learned and shared through socialization and reflect the personality type of particular society Kluckhohns model: value oreitnations incorporates themes regarding basic human nature and relationships Reflects the extent to which and individual focuses on either the task and technical concerns or people and social concerns when making decisions cultural competency - major element in eliminating health disparity honest desire to disregard personal biases and treat everyone with respect 3 components of healing systems - Folk Healing Self Care Professional Care Systems
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Folk Healing - mix of traditional healing practices and beliefs that involve herbal medicine, spirituality, manual therapies/exercises to diagnose and treat illness Self Care - performing behaviors that promote health, prevent disease, and minimize reliance on the formal medical system. Professional Care Systems - Systems for provision of health care, characterized by specialized education and knowledge, and responsibility for care and expectation of remuneration for services rendered by the health care provider emerging populations - ethnic minorities and homeless Ethnic minorities, persons who are homeless, and those persons afflicted with HIV/AIDS. ethnicitiy - - social group within the social system that claims to possess variable traits, e.g. geographic origin, religion, race, traditions, etc. A group of people who share a common social and cultural heritage based on shared traditions, national origin, physical and biologic characteristics ethnicity is a dynamic set of historically derived and institutionalized ideas and practices that allows people to identify or to be identified with groupings of people on the basis of presumed (and usually
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Religion - belief in a divine or superhuman power or powers to be obeyed and worshiped belief in a divine or superhuman power or powers to be obeyed and worshipped as the creator(s) or ruler(s) of the universe. spirituality - includes belief or system other than religion borne out of each persons unique life experience A person's system of beliefs and values, feelings of connectedness to self and others, and experience of finding meaning and purpose in life. Socialization - the general process of acquiring culture as you grow up in a society and acquire the characteristics of that group Aculturation - process of adapting to and acquiring another culture adopting new cultural traits while maintaining some of the former ones
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assimilation - process by which a person develops new cultural identity and becomes like the members of the dominant culture Adopting the traits of another culture. Often happens over time when one immigrates into a new country. biculturalism - dual pattern of identification and often of divided loyalty is when minority members adopt characteristics of majority cultures in order to succeed. health disparity - refers to gaps in the quality of health care across racial, ethnic, & socioeconomic groups adversly affects groups of people who have systematically experienced greater obstacles to health based on their racial or ethnic group a particular type of health difference that is closely linked with social, economic, and/or environmental disadvantage," and "health disparities adversely affect groups of people who have systematically experienced greater obstacles to health based on their racial or ethnic group; religion; socioeconomic status; gender; age; mental health; cognitive, sensory, or physical disability; sexual orientation or gender identity; geographic location; or other characteristics historically linked to discrimination or exclusion"
